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Questions and Answers

What are the eight defining characteristics of living things?

  • Need and use energy, grow and develop, excrete waste, movement, exchange gases, respond to stimuli, reproduce, made of cells
  • Reproduce, grow and develop, take and release gases, excrete waste, respond to stimuli, movement, need and use energy, made of cells
  • Made of cells, need and use energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli, exchange gases, excrete waste, movement
  • Made of cells, reproduce, need and use energy, grow and develop, respond to stimuli, movement, exchange gases, excrete waste (correct)
  • What are the advantages of the morphological species concept?

  • It accounts for non-identical individuals
  • It is simple (correct)
  • It is complex
  • It is very specific
  • What are some of the disadvantages of the morphological species concept?

  • It accounts for non-identical individuals (correct)
  • It does not consider evolutionary relationships (correct)
  • It is simplistic
  • It is very specific
  • What does the biological species concept define?

    <p>A species as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and these organisms may appear to be alike and be different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the biological species concept?

    <p>It is more accurate than the morphological species concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the phylogenetic species concept?

    <p>It can be applied to extinct species and take into account modern DNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the two-part naming system in classifying species, often called a species or scientific name?

    <p>Binomial Nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'taxonomy' refer to?

    <p>a branch of biology that identifies, names and classifies species based on natural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used when referring to the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and indicate evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the system where elements are arranged in categories based on a few items in them, with a subset of elements with more items?

    <p>Hierarchical Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broadest rank (category) when classifying species?

    <p>Domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these domains are the broadest of all the ranks/categories?

    <p>Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the most specific rank/category when classifying species?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomy

    • Classifying living things involves 8 characteristics: made of cells, reproduce, need and use energy, grow and develop, respond to stimuli, move, exchange gases, and excrete waste.
    • Classifying is important for identifying species, farming practices, medical disease identification, treatment with medicinal plants, invasive species control, conservation biology, and global communication of species.
    • The morphological species concept focuses on an organism's physical characteristics (body size, shape, etc.) to determine if similar organisms are different species.
    • This approach is simple, but populations often contain non-identical individuals.
    • The biological species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring in nature.
    • This allows identification of species easily—the same if two can live to mate and produce.
    • It's not applicable to all species—asexual reproducers and extinct species.

    Morphological Species Concept

    • Focuses on observable physical characteristics.
    • Compares body size, shape, and structural features.
    • Scientists decide if similarities indicate different species or not.

    Biological Species Concept

    • Defines species based on interbreeding potential.
    • Organisms that can interbreed in the wild and produce fertile offspring are the same species.
    • Useful for identifying species that reproduce sexually in nature.

    Phylogenetic Species Concept

    • Focuses on evolutionary relationships.
    • Identifies a species as a distinct cluster of organisms with a unique evolutionary history.
    • Incorporates modern DNA analysis.
    • Useful for extinct species.

    Naming Species

    • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part naming system.
    • Genus name (first part, capitalized) species name (second part, lowercase).
    • Scientific names are always italicized.
    • Standardized naming across the world is necessary

    Classifying Species

    • Species concepts categorize and determine which groups of organisms make up a species.
    • Binomial nomenclature assigns formal names to each species.
    • Classification organizes organisms into categories based on common characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
    • The system is hierarchical (nested).

    Bacteria

    • Cell Wall Structure: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall; Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall.
    • Shapes: Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spirillum (spiral-shaped)
    • Gram Stain: Used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple; Gram-negative stain pink.
    • Energy Production: Aerobic (need oxygen), anaerobic (don't need oxygen), and facultative (can survive with or without).

    Bacteria Diseases

    • Bacteria cause various diseases like strep throat, skin infections, and flesh-eating diseases.
    • Examples: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Lyme disease

    Viruses

    • Characteristics: Too small to be seen by light microscopy; not made of cells; dependent on host cells for survival and reproduction.
    • Structure: Contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).
    • Reproduction: Replicate inside host cells, using host cell machinery.

    Virus Reproduction

    • Lytic cycle—destroys infected cell
    • Lysogenic cycle—viral DNA integrates into host cell's DNA, and replicated without destroying host cell

    Classification

    • Viruses with DNA: Typically stable.
    • Viruses with RNA: Higher mutation rate.
    • Classifications based on: Morphology, the disease caused, and genetic material.

    Retroviruses

    • Use reverse transcriptase enzyme for RNA to DNA conversion.
    • Viral DNA integrates into host DNA (provirus).

    Herpesvirus

    • Causes reactivation with a fever.
    • Often inactive virus.

    Prions

    • Infectious protein particles.
    • Cause neurological diseases by misfolding normal proteins, in chain reaction.
    • Spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow).
    • Ex: Mad Cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

    Protista

    • Eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular.
    • "Misfits"—neither plant, animal, or fungi.
    • Classified as animal-like, fungus-like, or plant-like, based on their mode of nutrition and other characteristics.
    • Important as food sources for other organisms, some are parasites.

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    • Explains the formation of eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Application of Viruses in Biotechnology

    • Biological insecticides
    • Gene therapy
    • Genetic engineering

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