HHD Unit 3 Outcome 1: Concepts and Dimensions

• HHD Unit 3 - Outcome 1 Notes

Concepts of H&WB and illness

• H&WB: A state of physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual equilibrium where one feels happy, capable, and engaged.
• Disease: A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions, or tissue damage.
• Infirmity: The state of being weak or ill, regularly linked with old age.
• Dynamism of H&WB: It is constantly changing.
• Subjectivity of H&WB: Influenced by personal beliefs, opinions, and feelings.
• Illness: A subjective concept related to the personal experience of a disease or injury.
• Wellbeing: How an individual feels about and experiences their health.
• Illness Dynamism: It can change when a person develops an injury.
• Illness Subjectivity: An individual's level may be affected by many factors, like age, past experience, pain threshold, and social support.

Dimensions of H&WB

• Physical H&WB: Relates to the body's functioning, including the ability to perform daily activities.
  • Involves fitness levels, efficient body systems, ability to perform daily tasks, and healthy body weight.
• Mental H&WB: Relates to the brain and the ability to think and process information.
  • Involves low stress and anxiety, positive thought patterns, self-esteem, and the ability to think and process information.
• Social H&WB: Relates to relationships with others and the ability to adapt to social situations.
  • Involves a well-functioning family, a supportive network of friends, and the ability to make productive relationships and adapt to social situations.
• Emotional H&WB: Relates to the ability to appropriately express a wide range of emotions.
  • Involves displaying resilience and managing a wide range of emotional actions.
• Spiritual H&WB: Concerns one's ethics, beliefs, and values.
  • Involves a sense of peace and belonging, acting by ethics and values, and having a positive meaning in life.

Relationships between H&WB

• No information provided

Optimal H&WB as a Resource

• Optimal H&WB: Increases the ability to live independently and gives a sense of control.
• Basic Level: Reduces the risk of disease, injury, and premature death.
• Importance on Individuals: Sleep well, increase leisure time, exercise, gain an education, spend time with friends.
• Resource for a Nation: Leads to more social interactions, higher average income, and increased health savings.
• Resource Globally: Assists in promoting peace and stability, promotes sustainability, and reduces the risk of disease transmission between countries.

Self-Assessed Health Status, Life Expectancy, and Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

• Health Status: An individual's or population's overall health, considering various indicators.
• Self-Assessed Health Status: An individual's own perception of their H&WB. Influenced by disease, disability, illness, energy levels, access to health care, social connections, and mental state.
• Life Expectancy: The number of years a person is expected to live if mortality rates remain constant, which increases as a person gets older.
• Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE): The average length of time an individual at a specific age can live in full health.
• Measurement: Considers life expectancy data and the impact of ill health in a population.

Mortality (Including Maternal, Under 5, and Infancy)

• Mortality: Refers to death, usually at a population level.
• Infant Mortality: The rate of infant deaths before their first birthday, usually expressed per 100 lives
• Children mortality rates are key indicators of the general health status, including social and economic resources available.
• Congenital Malformations: Physical defects that develop in the uterus or from birth.
• Asphyxia: Interrupted breathing leading to low oxygen levels, unconsciousness, and often death.
• Maternal Mortality: The rate of mothers' deaths due to pregnancy, childbirth, or associated treatments per 100,000 live births.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Increased strain on the heart and blood vessels during pregnancy contributes to cardiovascular diseases.
  • It is the most common cause of maternal deaths in Australia.
• Under-5 Mortality: The rate of children's deaths before their 5th birthday, usually expressed per 1,000 deaths.
• Obstetric Haemorrhage: Excessive bleeding during pregnancy, labour, or after birth, can lead to maternal death.

Morbidity (Incidence + Prevalence)

• Morbidity: "Ill health" within an individual and levels of ill health within a population.
• Incidence: The rate of new cases of a disease during a specified time, usually a 12-month period.
• Prevalence: The number/proportion of cases of a particular disease present within a population at a given time.

Burden of Disease

• Burden of Disease: Measures the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically where living to an old age without morbidity is ideal.
• Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY): Measures burden of disease -One DALY equals one life year lost due to illness or death.
  • DALY = YLL + YLD
• Years of Life Lost (YLL): A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death; it is the fatal component of DALY.
• Years Lived with Disability (YLD): A measure of how many years are lost due to disability or injury and the non-fatal component of DALY.

Factors Influencing Health Status

• Cigarettes release cancer-causing chemicals like acetaldehyde and formaldehyde.
• Smoking during pregnancy increases the risks of low birth weight and underdeveloped immune systems and higher risks of infections.
• Smoking: Causes cell faults and increases the risk of lung cancer.
• Tobacco smoke: Reduces oxygen in the bloodstream, raising the risk of atherosclerosis and CVD.
• Alcohol is high in kilojoules/calories and may lead to high adipose tissue levels and higher obesity risks if overconsumed.
• Alcohol impairs judgment and motor control, leading to poor decisions, injury, conflicts, or drunk driving.
• Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver conditions like cirrhosis.
• Metabolized alcohol creates a chemical that can damage DNA and cancerous tumors.
• Excess weight strains joints, leading to arthritis.
• Overweight/obesity also strains the heart, leading to hypertension (increased blood pressure) and CVD.
• Obesity decreases the cell's ability to metabolize glucose, causing impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes risks.

Factors Contributing to Variations in Health Status

• Biological Factors: Relate impact to the body, including body weight, age, sex/genetics/hormones, impaired glucose regulation, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.
• Sociocultural Factors: The social/cultural conditions in which people are born, grow, live, and age, including SES, employment, social exclusion, social isolation, food security, healthcare access, cultural factors, and commercial factors.
• Environmental Factors: The physical surroundings in which people live, work, and play, including housing, work environment, geographical location, infrastructure, and climate.