Heuristic Search and Hill Climbing
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Questions and Answers

What does the Least Cost Search method prioritize when selecting an open node?

It prioritizes the open node that is closest to the start node.

What is a potential disadvantage of the Least Cost Search method?

A disadvantage occurs when the distances of the nodes are the same, making it resemble a blind search.

How does the A* Search Strategy differ from the Least Cost Search?

The A* Search combines elements of Hill climbing and Least Cost Search to generate a more informed evaluation.

What is the equation used to calculate the value in A* Search?

<p>The equation is A = G + H, where G is the least cost and H is the value from the Hill climbing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is A* Search considered an improvement over standard search methods?

<p>A* Search is considered an improvement because it effectively balances the search between cost and heuristic guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Hill Climbing search?

<p>The main goal is to always move towards the goal by selecting the path that brings it closest to the goal based on heuristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hill Climbing search, what does H represent?

<p>H represents the difference in value between the current node and the goal node, guiding the next move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the shortest route from A to F in the given search graph.

<p>The shortest route from A to F is [A, C, F].</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the value of H if the current node's value is 6 and the goal node's value is 4.

<p>H = |6 - 4| = 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is g(n) in the context of the provided search graph, and what does it signify?

<p>g(n) = 12 signifies the total cost to reach node F from A through the shortest route.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the breadth-first search algorithm?

<p>The primary goal of breadth-first search is to find the shortest route from the root node to the goal node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided tree structure, what is the shortest route from node A to node F?

<p>The shortest route from node A to node F is [A, C, F].</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cost of a path (g(n)) represent in the context of BFS?

<p>The cost of a path (g(n)) represents the total cost or distance incurred when traversing that path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which node has the lowest cost associated with it in the provided graph representation?

<p>Node F has the lowest cost associated with it, which is a cost of 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does breadth-first search handle node expansion compared to other search methods?

<p>Breadth-first search expands the root node first, followed by all its successors, ensuring the shortest path is found.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shortest route from A to F using A* search strategy?

<p>[A, D, F]</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does g(n) represent in the context of the A* search algorithm?

<p>The cost to reach node n from the start node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the arbitrary road map, what do the numbers on the edges signify?

<p>The distances between the towns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does breadth-first search differ from A* search in finding paths?

<p>Breadth-first search explores all nodes at the present depth before moving on to nodes at the next depth level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nodes and edges play in the provided graphs?

<p>Nodes represent locations, and edges represent paths between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the Uniform Cost Search strategy use to expand nodes?

<p>It expands the lowest-cost node on the fringe based on path cost g(n).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the shortest route from A to F based on the given graph.

<p>The shortest route is [A, C, F].</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total cost of the path from A to F in the shortest route?

<p>The cost of the path g(n) is 12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the graph, which node has the lowest path cost to A?

<p>Node D with a path cost of 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fringe play in the Uniform Cost Search strategy?

<p>The fringe contains the nodes being considered for expansion based on their path costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is depth-first search?

<p>Depth-first search is an algorithm that explores one branch of a tree fully before moving to another branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the shortest route from A to E in the given tree.

<p>[A, B, E]</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cost associated with the shortest route from A to E?

<p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does depth-first search handle tree branches?

<p>It fully explores one branch before backtracking to explore other branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided tree diagram, which node has a cost of 10?

<p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total cost of the shortest path found by the breadth-first search algorithm?

<p>The total cost is g(n) = 121.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence of nodes represents the shortest path found using the A* search algorithm?

<p>The shortest path is [0, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11].</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the total path cost g(n) calculated by the A* search compare to that of breadth-first search?

<p>The total cost for A* search is g(n) = 111, which is lower than the cost of breadth-first search.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which search algorithm has a total cost of 121 for its shortest path?

<p>The breadth-first search algorithm has a total cost of 121.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one reason why the A* search algorithm might be preferred over breadth-first search.

<p>A* search typically results in a lower total path cost, as shown by g(n) = 111.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hill Climbing Search

A search algorithm that always moves towards the goal node using heuristics to find the best direction.

Heuristic in Hill Climbing

A rule of thumb that estimates how close a node is to the goal node.

H Value(heuristic value)

The difference between the current node's value and the goal node's value, indicating progress towards the goal.

Hill Climbing Example (A->F)

Finding the shortest path from A to F using Hill Climbing, starting with a heuristic to estimate the distance from current nodes to F.

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Hill Climbing g(n) = 12

The cost (or distance or other value) of the path from the starting to the current node, given as g(n) =12.

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Least Cost Search

A search algorithm choosing the open node closest to the start node to find the shortest path. It prioritizes nodes based on distance.

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A* Search

A search algorithm that combines Least Cost Search and Hill Climbing, creating a value based on both. This value (A) is the sum of G (least cost) and H (Hill Climbing).

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A* Value Calculation

Calculated as A = G + H, where G is the least cost (distance from start) and H is a heuristic estimate of distance from the current node to the goal.

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A* Search Advantage

A* search combines elements to efficiently find optimal paths, offering an advantage over single-criteria algorithms.

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Least Cost Search Disadvantage

If nodes share the same distance, this method resembles a blind search, just like Uniform Cost Search.

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BFS

A blind search algorithm that systematically explores a graph starting from the root node, exploring all neighbors at the current level before moving to the next level.

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Root Node

The starting node in a search algorithm, like BFS.

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Shortest Route

The path in a graph that minimizes the total cost to reach a goal node in a search algorithm, often BFS.

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Cost of Path(g(n))

The total cost (e.g., distance) of traversing a specific path in a graph, often used in BFS or other search methods.

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Blind Search Algorithm

A search algorithm that does not use any knowledge of the search space to guide its search; BFS is a type of blind search.

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A* Search

A search algorithm that finds the shortest path between two nodes in a graph by estimating the distance from the current node to the goal.

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Shortest Path (A* Search)

The optimal route, minimizing the total cost from start to finish when using the A* Search algorithm.

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Graph (A* Search)

A collection of nodes (locations) connected by edges (paths) to model relationships or distances.

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Edge Cost

The cost associated with traversng a path between nodes in the graph.

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Breadth-first Search

A graph traversal algorithm that explores all the nodes at a given depth before moving on to the next deeper level in the graph.

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Uniform Cost Search

A search algorithm that expands the node with the lowest path cost first.

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Path cost 'g(n)'

The total cost of the path from the start node to a given node.

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Shortest route

Route with the smallest total cost from start to end.

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Uniform Cost Search Example (A-F)

Finding the shortest route from A to F by prioritizing nodes on path cost g(n).

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g(n) = 12

Path cost from the start node 'A' to 'F' is 12.

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Depth-First Search

A search algorithm exploring one branch of a tree deeply before moving to the next.

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Shortest Route (DFS)

The path in a graph with the lowest cost that gets to the goal.

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Cost of Path

The total cost of going through a certain route.

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Example Search Route (DFS)

From A to E (path A-B-E) is found, whose cost is 11.

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Tree Diagram (DFS)

Hierarchical structure where nodes are connected by edges having associated costs.

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Breadth-First Search (BFS)

A search algorithm that explores all nodes at the same level before moving to the next. It systematically explores the graph.

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A* Search

A search algorithm that combines least cost and heuristics to find the shortest path efficiently.

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Cost of Path (g(n))

The total cost (e.g., distance) of a specific path from the starting node to a given node.

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Shortest Path

The path with the lowest total cost from the starting node to the goal.

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A* Value

The combined value of the cost to the node (g(n)) and an estimate of the cost to reach the goal from that node (h(n)).

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Study Notes

  • Hill Climbing (H) search
  • The search always moves towards the goal.
  • Using heuristics, it finds which direction will take it closest to the goal.
  • H = (the value at the current node – the value at the goal node).
  • H determines the next move from the tree.
  • Find the shortest route from A to F
  • The shortest route is [A, C, F], g(n) = 12.

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Description

Test your understanding of heuristic search techniques, specifically focusing on Hill Climbing (H) search. This quiz covers concepts like how heuristics guide the search process towards a goal and the mechanics behind finding the shortest route in a search tree.

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