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Questions and Answers
What must happen to the dosage of sulfonamide in patients with renal failure?
What must happen to the dosage of sulfonamide in patients with renal failure?
Which drug combination is the first-line treatment for acute toxoplasmosis?
Which drug combination is the first-line treatment for acute toxoplasmosis?
Which of the following infections is TMP-SMZ primarily indicated for?
Which of the following infections is TMP-SMZ primarily indicated for?
What defines sulfadoxine in the context of malaria treatment?
What defines sulfadoxine in the context of malaria treatment?
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What is the role of dihydrofolate reductase in the context of pyrimethamine treatment?
What is the role of dihydrofolate reductase in the context of pyrimethamine treatment?
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What conditions can TMP-SMZ be used to treat, besides pneumonia?
What conditions can TMP-SMZ be used to treat, besides pneumonia?
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In treating malaria, what is the combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine commonly referred to?
In treating malaria, what is the combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine commonly referred to?
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Which of the following conditions requires the use of sulfonamide as a second-line treatment?
Which of the following conditions requires the use of sulfonamide as a second-line treatment?
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What is the primary mechanism by which sulfonamides exert their antibacterial effect?
What is the primary mechanism by which sulfonamides exert their antibacterial effect?
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Which feature is true about the solubility of sulfonamides?
Which feature is true about the solubility of sulfonamides?
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What is the effect of bacterial mutations on the effectiveness of sulfonamides?
What is the effect of bacterial mutations on the effectiveness of sulfonamides?
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Which of the following categories includes sulfonamides that can be absorbed orally?
Which of the following categories includes sulfonamides that can be absorbed orally?
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Which of the following combinations provides synergistic activity with sulfonamides?
Which of the following combinations provides synergistic activity with sulfonamides?
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How does the protein binding of sulfonamides vary?
How does the protein binding of sulfonamides vary?
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What type of bacteria do sulfonamides primarily inhibit?
What type of bacteria do sulfonamides primarily inhibit?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the action of sulfonamides?
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What is a primary adverse effect associated with sulfonamides that can lead to obstruction in the urinary tract?
What is a primary adverse effect associated with sulfonamides that can lead to obstruction in the urinary tract?
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Which topical sulfonamide is specifically mentioned as being effective for bacterial conjunctivitis?
Which topical sulfonamide is specifically mentioned as being effective for bacterial conjunctivitis?
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Which condition can be triggered by the absorption of mafenide acetate from burn sites?
Which condition can be triggered by the absorption of mafenide acetate from burn sites?
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What complication may occur due to the use of sulfonamides in pregnant patients?
What complication may occur due to the use of sulfonamides in pregnant patients?
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Which of the following sulfonamides may slow the healing of burn wounds?
Which of the following sulfonamides may slow the healing of burn wounds?
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What treatment is suggested for crystalluria caused by sulfonamides?
What treatment is suggested for crystalluria caused by sulfonamides?
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Which group of patients is at risk for hemolytic reactions when taking sulfonamides?
Which group of patients is at risk for hemolytic reactions when taking sulfonamides?
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Which of the following is a sulfonamide that is used in treating inflammatory bowel disorders?
Which of the following is a sulfonamide that is used in treating inflammatory bowel disorders?
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Study Notes
Sulfonamides Overview
- Structural analogs of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), influencing their pharmacological properties.
- Sulfonamides are synthesized by modifying the sulfanilamide nucleus with various substituents.
- More soluble at alkaline pH; prepared as sodium salts for intravenous use.
Mechanism of Action
- Act as competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase, blocking folate synthesis crucial for nucleic acid production.
- Resistance arises from bacterial mutations leading to PABA overproduction, changes in target enzyme affinity, or impaired drug permeability.
Classification of Sulfonamides
- Oral absorbable sulfonamides: Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine; distributed widely including CNS.
- Non-absorbable and topical agents: Include treatments for localized infections.
Clinical Applications
- Fixed-drug combination TMP-SMZ is effective against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other infections.
- First-line treatment for acute toxoplasmosis: sulfadiazine with pyrimethamine.
- Long-acting sulfadoxine combined with pyrimethamine is a second-line choice for malaria.
- Sulfasalazine is used for inflammatory bowel disorders, while topical agents like sodium sulfacetamide treat conjunctivitis.
Adverse Effects
- Risk of crystalluria, hematuria, or renal obstruction due to precipitate formation.
- Potential for hemolytic reactions in G6-PD deficiency patients.
- Increased risk of kernicterus in newborns if taken late in pregnancy.
Notable Sulfonamide Drugs
- Sulfisoxazole, Sulfamethizole, Sulfacytine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfasalazine, Sodium Sulfacetamide, Mafenide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfapyridine, Sulfadoxine.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of sulfonamides and their pharmacological properties within the context of general pharmacology for third-year optometry students. It will explore their structural similarities to PABA, as well as the classification and characteristics of antimycobacterial and antileprotic drugs. Enhance your understanding of these essential pharmaceutical compounds.
