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Questions and Answers
What characterizes passive gene-environment correlation?
Which of the following best describes reactive gene-environment correlation?
Active gene-environment correlation is best exemplified by which scenario?
What is a potential danger of studying behavioral genetics?
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Which statement about gender and sex differences in personality is most accurate within the context of socialization theory?
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What does 'transmitted culture' refer to in relation to personality trait development?
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Which components are part of Moral Foundations Theory?
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How do cultural differences influence moral judgments?
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What is the main distinction between 'transmitted culture' and 'evoked culture'?
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What characterizes the typical personality orientation of individuals from Western cultures?
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Which factor is cited as influencing gender differences in decision-making behavior?
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What trend is observed in gender differences as people age?
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In midlife, what is a common reason for the widening gender gap in life expectancy?
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Which of the following is a key factor explaining why men often have higher mortality rates in younger years?
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What chronic diseases are women more likely to experience in older age?
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What factor is NOT typically related to gender differences in health behaviors across the lifespan?
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What is one reason women might have better health outcomes than men in midlife?
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What role does evolutionary theory play in understanding gender differences?
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What does heritability measure in the context of personality traits?
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How do shared environments contribute to the development of personality traits?
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Which statement best describes non-shared environments?
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What is an example of a passive gene-environment correlation?
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Which type of gene-environment correlation involves individuals actively choosing their environments?
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What role does heritability play in understanding personality traits?
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What is true about reactive gene-environment correlations?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of heritability?
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What lifestyle behavior is typically associated with men that can contribute to higher mortality rates?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to novelty-seeking and reward-driven behavior?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing personality traits along with neurotransmitter activity?
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What effect do high levels of serotonin have on personality traits?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is related to alertness and arousal?
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How do genetic factors impact personality traits according to the content?
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What is one reason men might seek healthcare less than women?
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Which neurotransmitter's influence on personality is noted to be complex and continuously researched?
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Study Notes
Heritability and Personality
- Heritability is the percentage of variance in a trait due to genetics.
- It helps understand how much personality differences are genetic vs environmental.
- It provides insights into the biological basis of personality, linking it to other traits.
Genetic and Environmental Influences
- Genetic influences: Inherited predispositions towards traits like extroversion, etc.
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Environmental influences:
- Upbringing, social interactions, and life experiences.
- Shared Environments: Aspects common to siblings within a family.
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Non-shared Environments: Unique experiences that differentiate siblings.
- Plays a larger role in shaping personality differences between siblings.
Gene-Environment Correlations
- Passive: Children inherit both genes and environment from parents.
- Reactive (Evocative): Genetic traits influence how others interact with them.
- Active: Individuals actively choose environments based on genetic predispositions.
Dangers of Studying Behavioral Genetics
- Genetic Essentialism: Genes solely determine behavior.
- Discrimination: Based on genetic predispositions.
- Privacy Concerns: Regarding genetic data.
- Social Stigma: Attached to certain genetic variations.
- Misuse of Research: For eugenics.
- Overlooking Environmental Factors: Which significantly influence behavior.
Gender and Sex Differences in Personality
- Women are more sensitive to relevant information provided in decision-making contexts.
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Factors influencing gender differences:
- Cultural Background.
- Gender-specific roles.
- Evolutionary Account: Gender differences arose from different adaptive challenges faced by men and women.
Gender Differences Across the Lifespan
- Gender differences tend to become more pronounced with age.
- Early Life: The largest gap in life expectancy usually starts during adolescence.
- Midlife: Women generally have better health outcomes and lower mortality rates.
- Later Life: Women are more likely to experience chronic diseases, men heart diseases and cancer.
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Factors contributing to gender differences:
- Biology: Hormones, genetics, immune system functions.
- Lifestyle behaviors: Men tend to engage in risky behaviors.
- Social Expectations: Influence health-seeking behaviors and healthcare access.
- Healthcare Access: Women often have better access to preventive healthcare.
Physiology of Personality
- Neurotransmitters regulate mood, motivation, and behavioral responses to stimuli.
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Dopamine: Linked to novelty-seeking and reward-driven behavior.
- High levels: More extroversion, sociability, and openness.
- Low levels: Decreased motivation, lethargy, and potential for depression.
- Serotonin: Associated with mood stability and harm avoidance.
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Norepinephrine: Related to alertness and arousal.
- May impact traits like extroversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness.
MAO and its Relevance to Behavior
- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
- Low MAO activity: Linked to higher levels of these neurotransmitters, possibly associated with traits like sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and aggression.
- High MAO activity: May be related to more cautious, introverted personalities.
Culture and Personality
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Cultures: Shape values, beliefs, and behaviors individuals learn through socialization.
- Transmitted Culture: Learned practices passed down through generations.
- Evoked Culture: Behaviors triggered by environmental factors across cultures.
- Moral Judgments: Differ across cultures due to varying social norms, values, religious beliefs, and historical contexts.
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Moral Foundations Theory:
- Five key foundations:
- Care/Harm, Fairness/Reciprocity, Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity.
- Weighted differently depending on the culture.
- Five key foundations:
Eastern vs Western Cultures
- Western Cultures: Tend to be more individualistic.
- Eastern Cultures: Tend to be more collectivist.
- Social orientation affects reasoning and other fundamental aspects of behavior.
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Description
Test your understanding of heritability and its role in personality development. This quiz covers genetic and environmental influences, gene-environment correlations, and how these factors shape individual traits. Dive into the complexities of how our genetics and experiences intertwine to form our personalities.
