Chapter 25

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What was a significant factor in the economic decline during Herbert Hoover's presidency?

The signing of international trade agreements

The implementation of strict economic controls

The belief in American individualism (correct)

Increased government intervention in the economy

Which event marked the beginning of economic troubles during Hoover's presidency?

The stock market's recovery in 1930

The Wall Street crash of 1929 (correct)

A series of bank failures

The decline of the agricultural sector

What was Hoover's view on the role of the government in the economy?

The government should partner with the American people (correct)

The government should fully control the economy

The government should completely withdraw from economic affairs

The government should establish strict regulations

What was one of Hoover's goals upon taking office?

To continue the policies of the Coolidge administration Signup and view all the answers

What did Hoover incorrectly hope for regarding the economy?

That the economy would naturally recover without intervention Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economic environment Hoover faced as he took office?

Ongoing prosperity and hope for future growth Signup and view all the answers

What did Hoover advocate for during his presidency?

Minimal government intervention in business Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate consequence of Hoover's moderate policies?

A worsening of the economic crisis Signup and view all the answers

What event significantly impacted investor interest in Florida during the land boom?

Negative press about speculation Signup and view all the answers

What was a common practice among investors during the speculative stock market activities in the late 1920s?

Buying stocks on margin Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the warning signs that preceded the stock market crash of 1929?

A brief downturn in the market Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the actions of leading banks before the stock market crash?

They conspired to keep stock prices high by buying blue chip stocks. Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's message following the stock market crash on October 24, 1929?

The country was on a sound and prosperous basis. Signup and view all the answers

What major natural disaster contributed to the failure of the Florida land boom?

The Great Miami Hurricane Signup and view all the answers

What was the Dow Jones Industrial Average at its peak in September 1929?

381 points Signup and view all the answers

On Black Tuesday, how many shares were traded?

Over 16 million shares Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the overspeculation in both the land and stock markets?

Widespread bankruptcies and financial losses Signup and view all the answers

What common activity was seen among brokers and businessmen on the night before the market crash?

Celebrating with heavy drinking Signup and view all the answers

What did many investors do as stock prices began to fall in late September 1929?

Sought excuses to maintain their speculation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was notably found among the rubbish after the stock market crash?

A live parrot Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the stock market was particularly favored during the speculative period before the crash?

Retail stock brokerage firms catering to average investors Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the banks' efforts to stabilize stock prices before the crash?

Temporary stability followed by a steeper decline Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's primary intent as president regarding American citizens?

To promote home and farm ownership Signup and view all the answers

What major event in 1929 had a significant impact on the Hoover administration?

The stock market crash Signup and view all the answers

What underlying economic trend contributed to the stock market crash?

The rise of Ponzi schemes and reckless investments Signup and view all the answers

Which government program did Hoover propose just before the stock market crash?

An old-age pension program Signup and view all the answers

How did Hoover initially respond to the Teapot Dome Affair?

By invalidating private oil leases Signup and view all the answers

What role did advertising play in the economic environment of the 1920s?

It encouraged optimism and risky investment Signup and view all the answers

Which group did Hoover aim to assist through the creation of the Veterans Administration?

Soldiers returning from war Signup and view all the answers

How did the federal government influence the economy in the lead-up to the Great Depression?

By lowering interest rates and easing bank reserve requirements Signup and view all the answers

What significant humanitarian effort did Hoover undertake in response to World War I?

Leading food relief efforts for Belgium Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the financial mindset during the 1920s through speculation?

High-risk investments were seen as likely to generate wealth Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative directly reflected Hoover's commitment to civil service reform?

Expansion of employment opportunities in federal government Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Federal Farm Board created by Hoover?

To assist farmers with price supports Signup and view all the answers

How did Hoover's approach to the Great Depression differ in public perception?

He remained a popular figure prior to the crash Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of economic policy changed significantly during the 1920s, contributing to the crash?

Increase in unsecured loans and easy credit access Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary consequence faced by many Americans following the 1929 stock market crash?

Widespread unemployment and financial ruin Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence for individual investors who could not afford to pay their debts to banks after the stock market crash?

Their stocks were sold immediately. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributed to the prolonged downward trend in the stock market after the crash?

Poor income distribution among Americans. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological phenomenon contributed to the rapid decline of the stock market during the crash?

The contagion effect of panic. Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated loss of the stock market value from September to November 1929?

From $64 billion to $30 billion. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Federal Reserve's policies contribute to the banking crisis during the stock market crash?

By lowering limits on cash reserves for banks. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of households had investments in the stock market before the crash?

10 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which group was most likely to suffer losses due to the stock market crash?

Those who speculated with minimal funds like grocery money. Signup and view all the answers

What was the economic condition of America’s allies after World War I that affected the stock market?

They owed large debts to U.S. banks and could not repay. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major flaw in the economic system that contributed to the stock market crash?

Over-dependence on speculative buying. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the socio-economic impact on banks after the stock market crash?

Many banks failed due to insufficient cash reserves. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the public sentiment regarding economic prosperity before the crash?

Confidence that prosperity would continue forever. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the stock market crash impact employment in the U.S.?

Many people lost their jobs as businesses struggled. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant effect of the crash on the savings of American families?

Loss of savings due to bank failures. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of investors were least affected by the stock market crash?

Savvy investors who timed their exit well. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the crash have on the banking system?

Many banks failed as a result of bank runs. Signup and view all the answers

Which two industries significantly impacted the economic future following the crash?

Automotive and construction Signup and view all the answers

By how much did the country's gross national product decline within a year after the crash?

25 percent Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the Empire State Building shortly after its completion?

It stood half empty for years. Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed regarding marriage and birth rates during the Great Depression?

Both marriage and birth rates declined. Signup and view all the answers

How did working-class wages change after the crash?

Workers experienced drastic wage reductions. Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the widespread market saturation before the crash?

A slowdown in car purchases by Americans. Signup and view all the answers

During the Great Depression, how did the public typically display signs of hardship?

By forming long lines for food and basic necessities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a common practice among people in response to bank failures?

Hiding cash in unconventional places. Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment did Hoover express about the economy after the crash?

It was fundamentally sound. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to employment rates by the end of 1930?

Unemployment rates tripled. Signup and view all the answers

What did many Americans do with their cash as a result of the crash?

Stored it in secure locations at home. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the crash have on consumption patterns?

Limited purchasing by consumers became evident. Signup and view all the answers

Which social group faced the most hardships during the Great Depression?

Vulnerable members of society such as children and minorities. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary forms of relief provided by organizations during the Great Depression?

Food Signup and view all the answers

Which population was most vulnerable during the Great Depression due to lack of infrastructure?

Elderly Signup and view all the answers

Which group in New York City contributed a significant portion of their salaries to help the needy during the Great Depression?

Police officers Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's stance on government assistance during the Great Depression?

He opposed handouts, seeing them as detrimental. Signup and view all the answers

Hoover's belief in rugged individualism led him to prioritize which of the following?

Personal responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What critical error did Hoover make in his initial responses to the economic crisis?

Underestimating the severity of the situation Signup and view all the answers

What type of economic policies did Hoover implement in response to the Great Depression?

Small-scale, specific aid programs Signup and view all the answers

What character trait of Hoover influenced his approach to governance during the Great Depression?

Stubbornness Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the New York City schoolteachers begin contributing to help needy children?

1931 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Hoover's belief about American citizens?

They possessed a strong moral character. Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's view on stock market speculation?

He warned against it but did not take strong action. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common response from local community groups during the Great Depression?

To assist those in need through local efforts Signup and view all the answers

How did the public perception of Hoover change towards the end of his presidency?

He left office with low approval ratings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates Hoover's long-term beliefs about Americans facing hardship?

They are capable of overcoming challenges individually. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary methods Hoover employed to address the economic crisis initially?

Encouraging individual self-reliance Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the President's Emergency Committee for Employment (PECE) created by Hoover?

To assist state and private relief agencies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hoover's approach to direct government relief during the early years of the Great Depression?

He believed in limited government intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's response to the proposed Federal Emergency Relief Bill in 1931?

He refused it due to concerns over state and federal power balance. Signup and view all the answers

How did Hoover finance the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?

Setting aside $2 billion in taxpayer money Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant limitation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?

It primarily lent money to banks with sufficient collateral. Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of Hoover's policies that contributed to his unpopularity?

The rise of shantytowns named after him Signup and view all the answers

What did Hoover encourage individuals of means to do in response to the economic crisis?

Donate funds to support relief efforts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following did Hoover refuse to support as part of his philosophy regarding relief?

Direct food aid to the impoverished Signup and view all the answers

What was a common societal response to women seeking employment during the Great Depression?

Women often faced resistance from husbands and employers. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of Hoover's philanthropic efforts during his presidency?

He donated an average of $25,000 annually to relief organizations. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of Hoover's moderate economic policies?

Escalation of public protests Signup and view all the answers

Which group experienced the highest rates of unemployment during the Great Depression?

African Americans Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the foreclosure of family farms between 1930 and 1935?

Nearly 750,000 family farms disappeared. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Hoover's policies ultimately fail to alleviate the economic crisis sufficiently?

They relied heavily on voluntary relief from businesses. Signup and view all the answers

What were ‘pink collar’ occupations during the Great Depression?

Traditional jobs typically held by women. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Hoover's belief about government assistance during the Great Depression?

Federal aid fosters dependency among individuals. Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of the 'deserving poor' evolve during the Great Depression?

It excluded those who had speculated and lost. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hoover’s initial assurances to business leaders emphasize?

The importance of maintaining wages during the crisis Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the difficulties faced by African Americans in urban settings during the Great Depression?

High competition for limited job opportunities. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Great Depression have on the prices of agricultural commodities?

Decreasing demand drove prices down. Signup and view all the answers

What role did private agencies play during the Great Depression?

They struggled to assist the large number of people in need. Signup and view all the answers

How did families' economic situations change as the Great Depression progressed?

Many families relied on soup kitchens and charitable organizations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the general employment trend for women by the end of the 1930s?

The number of employed women increased significantly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a strategy used by farmers during the Great Depression to survive?

Burning corn for heat during the winter. Signup and view all the answers

How did the laws regarding the employment of married women vary during the Great Depression?

Twenty-six states enacted laws against hiring married women. Signup and view all the answers

Why did many men oppose women entering the workforce during the Great Depression?

They viewed employment as more suitable for men. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hoover's initial response to the Great Depression reflect about his economic philosophy?

A commitment to laissez-faire principles Signup and view all the answers

What was the unemployment rate by the start of 1932 during Hoover's presidency?

25 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event contributed to Hoover's political downfall in relation to public perception?

His handling of the Bonus Army crisis Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoover's belief about individualism, and how did it affect his response to the Depression?

It caused him to overlook the need for collective solutions Signup and view all the answers

What were the people's expectations for Hoover when he was elected in 1928?

To maintain the policies of prosperity and minimal government interference Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the anger towards Hoover during the Great Depression?

His failure to provide adequate direct aid Signup and view all the answers

What event is referred to as the Ford Hunger March?

A violent demonstration by unemployed Ford workers Signup and view all the answers

Which group was notably involved in the violent protests during the Great Depression?

The Bonus Army Signup and view all the answers

How did the police respond to the veterans' protests at Anacostia Flats?

They forcibly removed the veterans and fired into the crowd Signup and view all the answers

What was a key demand of the Farm Holiday Association?

To raise agricultural prices artificially Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the military's removal of the Bonus Army?

Violence ensued and many were harmed Signup and view all the answers

What kind of protests did farmers engage in during the Great Depression?

Bidding pennies on foreclosed lands Signup and view all the answers

What nickname was given to shantytowns that emerged during the Great Depression?

Hoovervilles Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did members of the Farm Holiday Association sometimes use against nonmembers?

Barricading roads into markets Signup and view all the answers

What unfortunate event occurred during the raid on the Bonus Army's camp?

A child died from a tear gas canister Signup and view all the answers

What civic action did many Americans take to express their discontent during the Great Depression?

Engaging in labor strikes Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of many companies during the Great Depression to try to survive?

Cutting worker wages sharply Signup and view all the answers

What did protesters often label the violent police response during the Ford Hunger March?

An example of police brutality Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in the summer of 1932 contributed to Hoover's declining popularity?

The forcible removal of veterans Signup and view all the answers

Which group faced the greatest challenges in finding employment during the Great Depression?

African Americans Signup and view all the answers

What was a common sight in urban areas during the Great Depression?

Breadlines and soup kitchens Signup and view all the answers

What approach did the American Red Cross take regarding widespread relief efforts during the Great Depression?

Refused involvement due to ideological reasons Signup and view all the answers

What theme is prevalent in the film 'The Grapes of Wrath'?

The strength of community in adversity Signup and view all the answers

What reality did many families face during the Great Depression when they could no longer pay rent?

They moved in with relatives Signup and view all the answers

In what manner did Frank Capra's films reflect societal values during the Depression?

By emphasizing community support against corruption Signup and view all the answers

What was the central message of the song 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?'?

An expression of disillusionment with the American dream Signup and view all the answers

How did the Great Depression impact children's daily lives?

They scavenged for food and went hungry Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of popular culture during the Depression aimed primarily for escapism?

Dance and musical films featuring cheerful narratives Signup and view all the answers

What method did individuals often resort to when they ran out of savings during the Great Depression?

Borrowing from family and friends Signup and view all the answers

What notable shift in values did the arts reflect during the Great Depression?

An emphasis on community welfare and family life Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the agricultural crisis during the Great Depression?

Widespread foreclosures among farmers Signup and view all the answers

Which population was notably affected by starvation during the Great Depression?

Rural and urban poor Signup and view all the answers

What struggle does Jimmy Stewart's character face in 'Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'?

Fighting against a corrupt political system Signup and view all the answers

What social issue does the increased interest in contraceptives during the Depression hint at?

Declining marriage rates Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of discrimination on African Americans during the Great Depression?

Limited access to relief programs Signup and view all the answers

How did Americans generally respond to the economic struggles of the Great Depression as depicted in popular films?

They sought entertainment that reflected their struggles Signup and view all the answers

What did families often do to conserve resources during the Great Depression when food was scarce?

Shared clothing among family members Signup and view all the answers

What was the attitude of wealthier Americans toward those affected by the Great Depression?

They perceived them as the 'deserving poor' Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge did the film 'It's a Wonderful Life' address?

The plight of a small-town business owner facing a bank run Signup and view all the answers

What unique element did 'Flying Down to Rio' introduce to American cinema?

A new form of musical featuring advanced choreography Signup and view all the answers

What did Chairman John Barton Payne attribute unemployment to during the Great Depression?

Acts of Man Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural trend reflected the changing views on sex and sexuality during the Depression?

A surge in contraceptive sales and acceptance of premarital sex Signup and view all the answers

What drastic action did some people take as a result of desperation during the Great Depression?

Tapped into neighbors’ electricity Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the song 'Happy Days are Here Again' during the Great Depression?

It became part of a political campaign as a symbol of hope Signup and view all the answers

What emotional tone did films during the Depression often aim to convey?

A sense of hope and resilience among communities Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Great Depression for African Americans?

Widespread layoffs and unemployment Signup and view all the answers

Which incident gained national attention and highlighted racial injustice during the Great Depression?

The Scottsboro Boys trial Signup and view all the answers

What practice contributed to the worsening soil conditions leading to the Dust Bowl?

Continuous overproduction of wheat Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic conditions in urban areas affect employment for African Americans?

African Americans faced increased competition and were often laid off. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main legal injustices highlighted in the Scottsboro case?

The all-White jury convicted without sufficient evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the U.S. Supreme Court's involvement in the Scottsboro case?

The Court found that due process was denied. Signup and view all the answers

What factor exacerbated the economic hardship experienced by farmers during the Great Depression?

A significant drop in commodity prices Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Communist Party play in the Scottsboro case?

They offered to handle the defense and sought a retrial. Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the Dust Bowl conditions for families in the Great Plains?

Forced migration and abandonment of farms Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the year 1932 in relation to the Scottsboro Boys?

The year the Supreme Court ruled in their favor. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the long-term outcomes of the Scottsboro case?

It laid groundwork for the modern civil rights movement. Signup and view all the answers

What social response occurred during the Scottsboro case among various groups?

Widespread protests from academics and social reformers Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economic conditions faced by farmers before the Great Depression?

Prosperity due to good growing conditions Signup and view all the answers

What was a common societal attitude towards racial violence during the Great Depression?

The culture of racism and violence was often ignored. Signup and view all the answers

What environmental conditions contributed to the Dust Bowl phenomenon?

Severe drought and poor farming practices Signup and view all the answers

What happened to livestock during the Dust Bowl crisis?

Livestock died or had to be sold due to lack of feed Signup and view all the answers

What was the term 'Okies' used to describe during the Dust Bowl?

Displaced farmers from the Great Plains Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the term 'Dust Bowl' first coined?

1935 Signup and view all the answers

What farming practices were typically abandoned by farmers leading to the Dust Bowl?

Crop rotation and fallowing of fields Signup and view all the answers

What was a major economic consequence for farmers as a result of the Dust Bowl?

Foreclosure on farms by large banks Signup and view all the answers

What new illness emerged as a result of the Dust Bowl conditions?

Dust pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

How did the Dust Bowl impact the banking system in rural areas?

Major urban banks took over local banks after foreclosures Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the causes that led to the environmental disaster known as the Dust Bowl?

Improper land management and overproduction Signup and view all the answers

What led to the catastrophic sale prices of farmland during the Dust Bowl?

Foreclosure auctions forcing desperate sales Signup and view all the answers

Which literary work famously depicted the struggles of farmers during the Dust Bowl?

The Grapes of Wrath Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the psychological effects faced by farmers during the Dust Bowl?

A feeling of divine punishment for their actions Signup and view all the answers

During the Dust Bowl, what happened to native grass pastures?

They were permanently damaged and ruined Signup and view all the answers

What phrase best describes the intense dust storms experienced during the Dust Bowl?

Black blizzards Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff have on international trade?

It shrank international trade due to retaliatory tariffs. Signup and view all the answers

Which policy did Herbert Hoover propose in response to the Great Depression that was met with opposition?

The Hoover Moratorium Signup and view all the answers

How did Hoover address the issue of civil rights during his presidency?

He prioritized education and assimilation for African Americans. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key result of Hoover's adherence to 'American individualism' during the Great Depression?

Failure to address widespread poverty adequately. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main emphasis of the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine?

Non-recognition of territories acquired through force. Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Hoover take regarding U.S. military presence in Latin America?

Withdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua. Signup and view all the answers

How did the stock market crash of 1929 impact Herbert Hoover's presidency?

It resulted in Hoover losing the 1932 election. Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of Hoover's goodwill tour of Central America?

To strengthen diplomatic relations with Latin America. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Hoover’s domestic policy was criticized during the Great Depression?

His commitment to individualism over collective welfare. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hoover's priorities for civil rights during his presidency?

Focusing on self-sufficiency and education for Native Americans. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Hoover's significant fails in foreign policy related to economic depression?

The enactment of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the public perception of Hoover as the Great Depression persisted?

He was blamed for inaction and failures. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major critique of the Hoover Moratorium issued in 1931?

It failed to address domestic issues effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Hoover's foreign policy reflected a shift from his predecessor's approach?

A focus on diplomatic relations over military action. Signup and view all the answers