36 Questions
What is the effect of H. felis meronts on lizards?
Leukocytosis
What type of parasites are Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Obligate intracellular parasites
How can Encephalitozoon cuniculi be acquired?
Through ingestion or inhalation of spores or transplacentally
In which organs can Encephalitozoon cuniculi localize in immunocompromised individuals?
In the brain, heart, kidney, and lungs
What is the phylum of Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Microsporidia
What is the structure that Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores possess?
All of the above
What is the most pathogenic species of cruzi?
C. bovicanis
What is a common clinical sign of cruzi infection in cows?
Reduced milk yield
What is a potential consequence of heavy cruzi infection in calves?
Petechial hemorrhages
What is the species of Sarcocystis that is highly pathogenic for lambs?
S. tenella
What should students be able to do at the end of the VPAR 131 lecture?
Describe the biological features of miscellaneous parasites
What is a characteristic of S. gigantea macroscopic sarcocysts?
Rounded shape
What is a common clinical sign of Sarcocystis infection in sheep?
Inappetence
What is the name of the associate professor in the lecture?
Remil L. Galay
What is the main topic of the VPAR 131 lecture?
Veterinary Entomology and Protozoology
What is one of the diseases discussed in the lecture?
Balantidiasis
What is the name of the ciliate discussed in the lecture?
Balantidium coli
What is the purpose of the lecture?
For instructional purposes only
Who prepared the lecture?
Dr. Remil L. Galay
What is prohibited without written consent from the lecturer?
All of the above
What is a common clinical sign of H.americanum infection?
Fever
How is H.canis frequently diagnosed?
By detection of gamonts in blood smear
What is the characteristic feature of H.americanum cysts in muscle biopsy?
Large, round to oval shape
What is the treatment of choice for H.canis?
Imidocarb dipropionate
In which animals has Hepatozoon spp. been reported?
Dogs, cats, and other animals
What is the vector of H.muris?
Laelaps echidninus
Where do the schizonts of H.felis occur?
Skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium
What is the treatment for H.americanum?
A combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin
What is the characteristic of lesions associated with Balantidium coli?
Resemble those of Entamoeba histolytica
What is the treatment for acute Balantidium coli infections?
Tetracyclines
What is the method of diagnosis for Balantidium coli infections?
Clinical signs, ulcerative lesions, and presence of large numbers of B. coli
What is the category of individuals who are at risk of pulmonary infection and peritonitis due to Balantidium coli?
Immunocompromised individuals
Which of the following is a complication of Balantidium coli infection?
Dysentery
What is the drug used to treat Balantidium coli infections in humans and primates?
Carbasone
What is the characteristic of Balantidium coli lesions in the early stages?
They are similar to those of Entamoeba histolytica
What is the type of infection that can occur in immunocompromised individuals due to Balantidium coli?
Both pulmonary infection and peritonitis
Study Notes
Hepatozoonosis in Reptiles and Other Animals
- Hepatozoonosis in reptiles can cause mortalities and immunosuppression.
- H. mocassini causes leukocytosis in experimentally infected lizards.
Hepatozoon felis
- H. felis meronts are found in skeletal muscle and myocardium.
- First reported in India, initially named Leucocytozoon felis domestici.
- Schizonts occur in skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium.
Hepatozoon spp. of Other Animals
- H. muris affects rats, with its life cycle elucidated and its vector being the mite Laelaps echidninus.
- H. coli produces superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, with early lesions resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- A microspora, an obligate intracellular parasite with unicellular spores.
- Spores possess an extrusion apparatus and a coiled polar tube.
- Parasite of laboratory mice, rabbits, monkeys, dogs, rats, birds, guinea pigs, and humans.
- Can be acquired through ingestion or inhalation of spores or transplacentally.
- Can localize in the brain, heart, kidney, and lungs of immunocompromised individuals.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatozoonosis
- H. canis is frequently diagnosed by microscopic detection of gamonts in blood smears.
- H. americanum is confirmed by muscle biopsy, showing pyogranulomatous myositis and large, round to oval “onion skin” cysts.
- Imidocarb dipropionate is used to treat H. canis, given every 14 days until gamonts are no longer observed in the blood smear.
- A combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin is given orally for 14 days to treat H. americanum.
Other Miscellaneous Parasites
- Blastocystis: a parasite with zoonotic significance, affecting dogs and cats.
- Pneumocystis: a parasite with unknown effects on hosts.
- Balantidium coli: a parasite that produces superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, with early lesions resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica.
This quiz covers the effects of Hepatozoonosis in reptiles, including mortalities, immunosuppression, and Leukocytosis caused by H.mocassini and H.felis meronts in lizards and skeletal muscle.
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