Hepatozoonosis in Reptiles
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of H. felis meronts on lizards?

  • Anemia
  • Leukocytosis (correct)
  • Immunosuppression
  • Hepatozoonosis

    • What type of parasites are Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

  • Facultative intracellular parasites
  • Ectoparasites
  • Obligate intracellular parasites (correct)
  • Endoparasites

    • How can Encephalitozoon cuniculi be acquired?

  • Only through ingestion of contaminated food
  • Only through direct contact with an infected individual
  • Only through inhalation of spores
  • Through ingestion or inhalation of spores or transplacentally (correct)

    • In which organs can Encephalitozoon cuniculi localize in immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>In the brain, heart, kidney, and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum of Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

    <p>Microsporidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores possess?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most pathogenic species of cruzi?

    <p>C. bovicanis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of cruzi infection in cows?

    <p>Reduced milk yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of heavy cruzi infection in calves?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the species of Sarcocystis that is highly pathogenic for lambs?

    <p>S. tenella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students be able to do at the end of the VPAR 131 lecture?

    <p>Describe the biological features of miscellaneous parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of S. gigantea macroscopic sarcocysts?

    <p>Rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of Sarcocystis infection in sheep?

    <p>Inappetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the associate professor in the lecture?

    <p>Remil L. Galay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main topic of the VPAR 131 lecture?

    <p>Veterinary Entomology and Protozoology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the diseases discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Balantidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ciliate discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Balantidium coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lecture?

    <p>For instructional purposes only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who prepared the lecture?

    <p>Dr. Remil L. Galay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prohibited without written consent from the lecturer?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of H.americanum infection?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is H.canis frequently diagnosed?

    <p>By detection of gamonts in blood smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of H.americanum cysts in muscle biopsy?

    <p>Large, round to oval shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for H.canis?

    <p>Imidocarb dipropionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animals has Hepatozoon spp. been reported?

    <p>Dogs, cats, and other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector of H.muris?

    <p>Laelaps echidninus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the schizonts of H.felis occur?

    <p>Skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for H.americanum?

    <p>A combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lesions associated with Balantidium coli?

    <p>Resemble those of Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for acute Balantidium coli infections?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of diagnosis for Balantidium coli infections?

    <p>Clinical signs, ulcerative lesions, and presence of large numbers of B. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of individuals who are at risk of pulmonary infection and peritonitis due to Balantidium coli?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of Balantidium coli infection?

    <p>Dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug used to treat Balantidium coli infections in humans and primates?

    <p>Carbasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Balantidium coli lesions in the early stages?

    <p>They are similar to those of Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of infection that can occur in immunocompromised individuals due to Balantidium coli?

    <p>Both pulmonary infection and peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatozoonosis in Reptiles and Other Animals

    • Hepatozoonosis in reptiles can cause mortalities and immunosuppression.
    • H. mocassini causes leukocytosis in experimentally infected lizards.

    Hepatozoon felis

    • H. felis meronts are found in skeletal muscle and myocardium.
    • First reported in India, initially named Leucocytozoon felis domestici.
    • Schizonts occur in skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium.

    Hepatozoon spp. of Other Animals

    • H. muris affects rats, with its life cycle elucidated and its vector being the mite Laelaps echidninus.
    • H. coli produces superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, with early lesions resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica.

    Encephalitozoon cuniculi

    • A microspora, an obligate intracellular parasite with unicellular spores.
    • Spores possess an extrusion apparatus and a coiled polar tube.
    • Parasite of laboratory mice, rabbits, monkeys, dogs, rats, birds, guinea pigs, and humans.
    • Can be acquired through ingestion or inhalation of spores or transplacentally.
    • Can localize in the brain, heart, kidney, and lungs of immunocompromised individuals.

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatozoonosis

    • H. canis is frequently diagnosed by microscopic detection of gamonts in blood smears.
    • H. americanum is confirmed by muscle biopsy, showing pyogranulomatous myositis and large, round to oval “onion skin” cysts.
    • Imidocarb dipropionate is used to treat H. canis, given every 14 days until gamonts are no longer observed in the blood smear.
    • A combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin is given orally for 14 days to treat H. americanum.

    Other Miscellaneous Parasites

    • Blastocystis: a parasite with zoonotic significance, affecting dogs and cats.
    • Pneumocystis: a parasite with unknown effects on hosts.
    • Balantidium coli: a parasite that produces superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, with early lesions resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the effects of Hepatozoonosis in reptiles, including mortalities, immunosuppression, and Leukocytosis caused by H.mocassini and H.felis meronts in lizards and skeletal muscle.

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