Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common benign vascular tumor in infants?
What is the most common benign vascular tumor in infants?
What type of Choledochal Cyst is known as Caroli's disease?
What type of Choledochal Cyst is known as Caroli's disease?
What is one of the key functions of the biliary tree?
What is one of the key functions of the biliary tree?
What sonographic feature is associated with Biliary Atresia?
What sonographic feature is associated with Biliary Atresia?
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Which of these is NOT a sign or symptom of Hepatoblastoma?
Which of these is NOT a sign or symptom of Hepatoblastoma?
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What is the sonographic appearance of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?
What is the sonographic appearance of Infantile Hemangioendothelioma?
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What is the name of the duct also known as Wirsung's duct?
What is the name of the duct also known as Wirsung's duct?
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Which of these conditions is more common in premature infants and infants with low birth weights?
Which of these conditions is more common in premature infants and infants with low birth weights?
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Which of the following signs/symptoms may indicate Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage?
Which of the following signs/symptoms may indicate Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage?
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What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in pediatric patients?
What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in pediatric patients?
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A sonographic appearance of multiple noncommunicating cysts within the renal bed is characteristic of:
A sonographic appearance of multiple noncommunicating cysts within the renal bed is characteristic of:
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage?
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What is the characteristic sonographic appearance of a Wilms' Tumor in its early stages?
What is the characteristic sonographic appearance of a Wilms' Tumor in its early stages?
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Which of the following is a common sonographic finding in patients with Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)?
Which of the following is a common sonographic finding in patients with Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)?
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Which of these conditions is primarily related to the development of immature nerve cells?
Which of these conditions is primarily related to the development of immature nerve cells?
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What is the most common sonographic appearance of a Mesoblastic Nephroma?
What is the most common sonographic appearance of a Mesoblastic Nephroma?
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Flashcards
Biliary Atresia
Biliary Atresia
Life-threatening hepatobiliary disorder in children with persistent jaundice and abnormal GB.
Signs of Biliary Atresia
Signs of Biliary Atresia
Persistent jaundice, alcoholic stool, dark urine, enlarged girth.
Types of Choledochal Cysts
Types of Choledochal Cysts
Types 1 to 5 describe different dilations of the common bile duct and intrahepatic ducts.
Sonographic Features of Choledochal Cysts
Sonographic Features of Choledochal Cysts
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Biliary Tree Connections
Biliary Tree Connections
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Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
Infantile Hemangioendothelioma
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Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma
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Elevated Serum Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)
Elevated Serum Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)
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Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage
Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage
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Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma
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Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis
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Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
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Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
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Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
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Mesoblastic Nephroma
Mesoblastic Nephroma
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Study Notes
Hepatobiliary Disorders
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Biliary Atresia: A life-threatening disorder in children, characterized by persistent jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine, and enlarged abdomen.
- Sonographic finding: Triangular cord sign (echogenic area above portal vein). Abnormal gallbladder in a fasting infant.
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Choledochal Cysts: Abdominal pain, vomiting, and jaundice are common symptoms.
- Types: Fusiform dilation of the CBD (type 1, most common), diverticula (type 2), intraduodenal dilation (type 3), combined intra/extrahepatic dilation (type 4), and intrahepatic duct dilation (type 5/Caroli's disease).
- Sonographic appearance: Fusiform dilation of the CBD often with intrahepatic duct dilation
- Prevalence: More common in Asian populations.
Other Pediatric Liver/Kidney Conditions
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Infantile Hemangioendothelioma: The most common benign vascular tumor in infants, more prevalent in females, causing jaundice, heart failure, and enlarged liver.
- Sonographic appearance: Well-circumscribed, hypoechoic or hyperechoic mass(es) with visible color flow.
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Hepatoblastoma: A rare malignant liver tumor more common in premature or low-birth-weight infants. Signs include palpable abdominal mass, elevated AFP, pain, and weight loss.
- Sonographic appearance: Solid mass with similar echogenicity to the liver, often showing calcifications (55% of cases).
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Adrenal Gland Hemorrhage: Caused by various factors, including anticoagulation, burns, surgery, and hypotension. Characterized by anemia, painful swelling, potential bluish discoloration, and initial echogenicity transitioning to hypoechogenicity.
- Causes in healthy infants: Prematurity, prolonged labor, breech position, or large birthweight.
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Neuroblastoma: Cancer originating from immature nerve cells, presenting as abdominal mass, hypertension, diarrhea, bone pain, and increased catecholamine levels.
- Sonographic appearance: Small, homogeneous, hyperechoic mass (early); larger, heterogeneous, complex mass (later).
Kidney Conditions
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Hydronephrosis: Dilation of the renal collecting system, most commonly caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Symptoms include palpable abdominal mass, oliguria, and anuria.
- Sonographic appearance: Dilated renal pelvis (mild), dilated pelvis and calyces (moderate), and significant pelvicaliectasis with thinning of parenchyma (severe).
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Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK): Multiple cysts replace functional renal tissue, often non-communicating.
- Symptoms (bilateral): Respiratory distress; Symptoms (unilateral): Hypertension and risk of Wilms' tumor.
- Sonographic appearance: Multiple non-communicating cysts within the renal bed.
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Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD): Genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.
- Symptoms: Pulmonary hypoplasia due to oligohydramnios.
- Sonographic appearance: Bilaterally enlarged kidneys, echogenic kidneys, and poor corticomedullary differentiation.
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Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma): A cancerous kidney tumor appearing with a palpable abdominal mass, pain, and potential rupture/bleeding.
- Sonographic appearance: Large, spherical, heterogeneous mass with varying appearances (hemorrhage, necrosis, cysts), often intrarenal, with well defined borders.
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Mesoblastic Nephroma: A benign kidney tumor commonly diagnosed before or within the first three months of life, often presenting with a palpable abdominal mass.
- Sonographic appearance: Large, solid, homogeneous mass.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to hepatobiliary disorders, including biliary atresia and choledochal cysts, along with other pediatric liver and kidney conditions such as infantile hemangioendothelioma. Test your knowledge on symptoms, sonographic findings, and prevalence of these conditions.