59 Hepatitis Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of viruses are Hepatitis A and E classified as?

  • RNA viruses (correct)
  • Defective RNA viruses
  • Bacterial viruses
  • DNA viruses

    • Which hepatitis virus requires the presence of another virus for its propagation?

  • Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis D (correct)
  • Hepatitis E
  • Hepatitis A

    • What type of immune response is thought to cause liver damage in Hepatitis A infections?

  • Humoral immunity
  • Cellular immunity (correct)
  • Autoimmune response
  • Vascular response

    • Which form of Hepatitis B particle is considered the infectious form?

    <p>Dane particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with Hepatitis C infections?

    <p>Six distinct genotypes with no cross protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of hepatitis virus pathogenesis, what does Hepatitis B do to hepatocytes?

    <p>Expresses viral proteins triggering an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to prevent the spread of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Vaccination and hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatitis virus is primarily transmitted through contaminated water or food?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Faecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the incubation period of Hepatitis E is true?

    <p>It ranges from 30-40 days post exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?

    <p>Hepatitis B is vaccine preventable whereas Hepatitis C is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is most commonly affected by Hepatitis A in developed countries?

    <p>Household or sexual contacts of known cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of infection for the genotype 3 of Hepatitis E?

    <p>Raw or undercooked pig and game meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for Hepatitis B in high prevalence areas?

    <p>Intrapartum transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the provided serology results?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the initial presentation of viral hepatitis?

    <p>Severe abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical finding is often elevated in patients with hepatitis?

    <p>Increased bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case would Hepatitis C antibody (Anti-HCV) test result most likely remain positive?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is NOT associated with preventing Hepatitis A?

    <p>Antiviral medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common route of parenteral transmission for blood-borne viruses like Hepatitis C?

    <p>Sharing personal care items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for administering passive immunization after exposure to Hepatitis A?

    <p>Within 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has the highest risk of symptomatic hepatitis A infection?

    <p>Elderly individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which group is pre-exposure vaccination against Hepatitis A recommended?

    <p>Travellers to endemic countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) indicate?

    <p>Active virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serology results indicates an active Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Positive Anti-HCV and Positive HCV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hepatitis C is false?

    <p>It has a high prevalence in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a person whose Hepatitis C infection has been cleared?

    <p>Positive Anti-HCV, Negative HCV ag, Negative HCV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom commonly follows the prodromal symptoms of hepatitis?

    <p>Pale stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate treatment for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy in chronic Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>To prevent progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, or cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for preventing Hepatitis B?

    <p>Mandatory screening of water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances is passive immunization recommended?

    <p>For neonates and those with inadequate antibodies after a needle stick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection does Hepatitis E generally lead to?

    <p>Acute infection that is usually self-limiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of chronic Hepatitis B patient education?

    <p>The importance of regular follow-up for liver cancer monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a seroconversion of e antigen to e antibody in Hepatitis B management?

    <p>Successful management and control of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals is classified as 'at risk' for severe Hepatitis-related complications?

    <p>Individuals with chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended vaccination course for Hepatitis B?

    <p>A course of 3 doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Hepatitis

    • Inflammation of the liver.
    • Can be caused by infectious and non-infectious agents.
    • Infectious agents include bacterial, viral and other as in parasites.
    • Non-infectious agents include drugs, alcohol, vascular, autoimmune and metabolic causes.

    Hepatitis A

    • RNA virus belonging to enterovirus family (picornavirus).
    • Human-specific virus shed in faeces.
    • Transmission primarily through person-to-person contact via faecal-oral route.
    • Also transmitted through contaminated food and water.
    • Incubation period is 30 days (range 15-50).
    • Period of infectiousness is 2 weeks before to 1 week after onset of symptoms.
    • Worldwide prevalence is highest in developing countries with almost all children having antibodies to the virus indicating prior infection.
    • In developed countries, it is most commonly seen in travellers to endemic countries, household or sexual contacts of known cases, men who have sex with men, and occasional foodborne outbreaks.

    Hepatitis B

    • DNA virus that infects hepatocytes.
    • Expresses viral proteins on the surface of the cell.
    • Triggers cellular immune response leading to liver damage.
    • Three forms: Dane particle, spherical form and filaments.
    • Incubation period is 1-6 months.
    • Transmission occurs perinatally, sexually and parenterally.
    • Vaccination is available and effective.

    Hepatitis C

    • RNA virus belonging to flavivirus family.
    • At least 6 distinct genotypes exist (1-6) with no cross-protection.
    • Incubation period is 8 weeks (average).
    • Transmission occurs perinatally, sexually and parenterally.
    • No vaccine available.

    Hepatitis D

    • Defective RNA virus, requiring Hepatitis B surface antigen for propagation.
    • Incomplete viral particle.

    Hepatitis E

    • RNA virus with four genotypes, specific geographical distribution and epidemiology.
    • Genotypes 1 and 2: Transmitted through faecally contaminated water in developing countries.
    • Genotypes 3 and 4: Transmitted through contaminated food, particularly undercooked pork and shellfish, direct contact with pigs, and contaminated water.
    • Incubation period is 30-40 days.

    General Presentation of Hepatitis

    • Patients present with symptoms/signs of hepatitis or complications of that viral infection.
    • Symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dark urine, pale greasy stools, and jaundice.
    • Abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) are common.
    • Bilirubin levels increase.
    • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels increase.

    Viral Hepatitis – Clinical Course

    • Hepatitis A: Usually asymptomatic in children, risk of symptomatic infection increases with age.
    • Fulminant disease (acute hepatitis failure) is unusual, with 6 months being the duration for a possible chronic infection.
    • Hepatitis B: Serology results are used to assess the stage of infection.

    Hepatitis B Serology Results

    • HBsAg (surface antigen): Positive indicates current Hepatitis B infection, whether acute or chronic.
    • Hep BeAg (e antigen): Detectable when the virus is actively reproducing, indicating infectivity.
    • Hep Be Ab (e antibody): Positive indicates a past infection or current infection with low infectivity.
    • Anti Hep B core IgM: Positive indicates a recent or current infection.
    • Anti Hep B core total (IgG): Positive indicates a past or current infection, may be present for life.
    • Anti HBs (surface antibody): Positive indicates immunity due to vaccination or prior infection.

    Hepatitis C Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Hepatitis C antibody (Anti-HCV): Usually positive 2-6 months after exposure to Hepatitis C, remains positive even if the infection is cleared.
    • Hepatitis C antigen (HCV ag): Positive in acute and chronic infection.
    • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA: Positive in acute and chronic infection.

    Hepatitis A Management

    • Treatment is supportive care.
    • Prevention is focused on hygiene, sanitation, and vaccination.
    • Vaccination is recommended for travellers to endemic countries, individuals at risk of infection (e.g., chronic liver disease, injecting drug users, men who have sex with men).

    Hepatitis E Management

    • Usually self-limiting acute infection, requiring symptomatic treatment only.
    • Chronic infection in transplant patients requires reducing immunosuppression and using antivirals.

    Hepatitis B Management

    • Acute infection requires supportive therapy.
    • Chronic infection management includes:
      • Patient education.
      • Vaccination.
      • Antiviral therapy, aiming to prevent progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, or cancer.
      • Monitoring for liver cancer.
      • Transplantation for fulminant hepatitis or end-stage chronic hepatitis.

    Hepatitis B Prevention

    • Strategy varies with high & low prevalence areas.
    • Standard precautions include safe sex practices, screening blood products, using clean needles and disposable equipment, and practicing good hand hygiene.
    • Passive immunisation with immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis) is recommended for newborns, those facing needle stick injuries, and individuals with inadequate antibodies after a high-risk exposure.
    • Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups and as part of national immunization programs.

    Hepatitis C Management

    • Treatment for acute infection is under review.
    • No specific post-exposure prophylaxis is available.

    Hepatitis C Prevention

    • Focus on safe sex practices, screening blood products, using clean needles and disposable equipment, and practicing good hand hygiene.

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    RCSI The ABC of Viral Hepatitis PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on hepatitis, its causes, and the specifics of hepatitis A and B. This quiz covers the infectious and non-infectious agents that lead to liver inflammation, along with transmission routes. Perfect for students and health enthusiasts.

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