Hepatitis Overview

<p>Contaminated water, raw or undercooked pork or venison</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>good hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal hygiene items, avoid sharing needles, condoms for higher risk sex, vaccinations (Hep A and Hep B)  IG after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals born between 1945-1965/have been infected for as many as 20 years and did not know that they were infected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Obstructive jaundice'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding sharing personal hygiene items</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onset of flu-like symptoms/Also known as preicteric stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaundice is present/the urine is usually dark and the liver is enlarged and tender in this stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convalescent stage/Full recovery depends on the type of Hepatitis  Depends on the compliance to the treatment regimen. The patient should not have any liver toxic substances for at least a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaundice appears</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>high levels of billirubin or Obstruction of bile drainage is obstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serological tests  Serum liver enzymes and serum bilirubin- may be elevated.  Prothrombin time (PT)- may be prolonged  Ammonia-May be elevated  Albumin- may be decreased  Abdominal x-ray  Liver biopsy </p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid coughing and heavy lifting for a week/Patient lies on right side for 2 hours  Vital signs monitored  Pressure applied to puncture site for 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver failure/ treatment for hepatits a is Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated serum bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Increased bilirubin content'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palms of hands and soles of feet/Pale yellow to orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent liver cell death and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring liver enzyme levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After the development of cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen overdose/ctivated charcoal can be given within 1 hour.  N-acetylcysteine is the antidote</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By causing liver cell damage and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When liver dialysis is not effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checking elevated bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering lactulose and rifaxinim to decrease ammonia levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleeding, The focus of treatment is to stop and reverse damage to the liver. The airway must be supported.  May be intubated  Elevate HOB  Bedrest  NPO  NG tube  Most medications will be stopped  Complete rest of the liver is the goal.  May also require liver dialysi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>alcohol misuse is the most common cause in the US.  Hepatitis B and C infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the liver is unable to function properly due to advanced cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular liver enzyme testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescription of medications to manage symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Moderate' alcohol consumption is safe for the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Detox' diets for 'liver cleansing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Increased energy levels</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Following a high-fat diet</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstructed blood flow from liver scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce accumulation of ascitic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End-stage liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Daily body weight measurements Ascites is when a large amount of fluid builds up in the abdominal cavity. Low production of albumin and portal hypertension attribute to this condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications to decrease the ammonia level. Ex: Lactulose , Rifaxinim</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-Hepatic encephalopathy is the result of increased levels of ammonia  Represents end-stage liver failureAsterixis (flapping tremors)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practicing good hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol misuse and malnourishment complication of alcoholic liver disease. Occurs when patients experience a deficiency in thiamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wernicke encephalopathy- acute condition  Delirium, confusion, visual disturbances  Can be treated with oral or SQ thiamin/ Korasakoff’s psychosis-the result of damage to brain tissue.  Patients have memory and learning deficits that are our of proportion with the other cognitive functions.  Can be prevented but not reversed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>associated with alcohol misuse and gallbladder disease.  Other causes: Tumors, medications, idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3rd leading cause of cancer related deaths in U.S.  Spreads rapidly  Associated with: smoking, obesity, DM, exposure to chemicals, cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, H. pylori infection  African American males have the highest rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whipple procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>early on no symptoms  Back or epigastric pain, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, malaise, weight loss  If bile duct is obstructed may have jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring adequate hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread of cancer, gastric or duodenal obstruction; thrombophlebiti</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption/V fluids  Pain management: narcotic pain medication may be ordered.  H2 antagonistS  Patients may be kept NPO for 24 hours. Diet may then be started with clear liquid and progressed as tolerated.  NGT  Antibiotics  Electrolytes  Calcium  Insulin as needed  To prevent reoccurrences of this patients are encouraged to stop drinking or to seek treatment for gallbladder issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum amylase and lipase levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autodigestion of the pancreas by activated digestive enzymes/\Patients may experience complications from a secondary source. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal failure are the most likely causes of life-threatening complications.  Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)  Hemorrhage  Turner’s sign and Cullen’s sign.  Infection  Electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing pain through the administration of narcotic pain medicationH2 antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addressing pain management/Prevention of infection and maintenance of electrolyte and fluid and electrolyte balance  If the patient has nausea and vomiting an antiemetic may be given.  For itching relief may be given Colestid or Questran.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>WBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertion of T-tube drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administration of antiemetics and Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated attacks of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIDA scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can occur from aging, obesity, pregnancy, estrogen, stasis of bile, fasting, medication, and can have a familial tendency.  Inactive lifestyle and a diet excessive in cholesterol and fat contribute also.  Hemolytic blood disorders and bowel disorders (Crohn’s disease) are factors as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring and lifestyle modifications/reatment for cholelithiasis usually involves cholecystectomy.  Diet after is very important!  Large stones may require an open procedure and placement of T-tube drain  Inserted into common duct to allow bile drainage  Large amount of drainage (500-1000mL) on the first day  Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy  Medication  Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rupture of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic  Acute cholecystitis  often the response to an obstruction of the common bile duct. When the bile is stagnant it can be invaded by bacteria. This leads to more inflammation and infection.  Can lead to rupture of the gallbladd</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic cholecystitis  Repeated attacks of cholecystitis can lead to the gallbladder becoming thick and hard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholelithiasis if the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.  can be associated with no symptoms for many years.  Choledocholithiasis refers to gallstones that are wedged in the common bile duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide symptom relief measures/inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cases of chronic cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigastric pain, right upper quadrant pain, nausea, indigestion, intolerance of high fat foods, increased temperature, increased pulse, increased respirations, vomiting and jaundice.  Symptoms usually lasts 1 to 3 hours. If a stone is in the duct the pain may last until it is passed into the duodenum.  Obstruction of the common bile duct can cause clay-colored fatty stools  Absence of bilirubin and bile salts in the small intestine  Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain that is caused by cholesystitis usually lasts 4 to 6 hours. The pain is often made worse with movement.  The patient often has a low grade fever, nausea and vomiting.  Patients often have repeated attacks of this.  Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers