Hepatitis Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the common cause of Hepatitis as mentioned in the text?

  • bacteria, viruses, drugs, alcohol, or chemicals (correct)
  • Alcohol
  • Chemicals
  • Bacteria

How does viral Hepatitis D differ from the other types?

  • Blood or body fluids, co-infected with Hep B (correct)
  • Fecal-oral route transmission
  • Contaminated water transmission
  • Blood transfusions transmission

What is a potential consequence of damage to the bile canaliculi?

  • Metabolic disorders
  • Liver regeneration
  • Normal liver function
  • Obstructive jaundice/If there are no complications cells can regenerate and normal function can be restored. (correct)

How can Hepatitis E be transmitted?

<p>Contaminated water, raw or undercooked pork or venison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended method for preventing Hepatitis infection?

<p>good hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal hygiene items, avoid sharing needles, condoms for higher risk sex, vaccinations (Hep A and Hep B)  IG after exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?

<p>Jaundice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be the result if liver cells are damaged due to inflammation?

<p>Loss of liver function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is highlighted as potentially infected with Hepatitis unknowingly due to long-term infection?

<p>Individuals born between 1945-1965/have been infected for as many as 20 years and did not know that they were infected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'If damage involves the bile canaliculi, what will occur?' - This question tests your understanding of what concept?

<p>'Obstructive jaundice' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method of prevention against Hepatitis infection according to the information provided?

<p>Avoiding sharing personal hygiene items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the prodromal stage of Hepatitis?

<p>Onset of flu-like symptoms/Also known as preicteric stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the icteric stage of Hepatitis, what differentiates it from the prodromal stage?occurs about 5 or 10 days after the prodromal stage. lasts about 2 to 6 weeks

<p>Jaundice is present/the urine is usually dark and the liver is enlarged and tender in this stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Hepatitis signifies that the patient is on the path to full recovery?

<p>Convalescent stage/Full recovery depends on the type of Hepatitis  Depends on the compliance to the treatment regimen. The patient should not have any liver toxic substances for at least a year. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a Hepatitis patient avoid for at least a year to ensure recovery?

<p>Liver toxic substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Hepatitis, what is a key indicator of progression from the prodromal stage to the icteric stage?

<p>Jaundice appears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the yellowing of the skin and sclera in jaundice or icterus?

<p>high levels of billirubin or Obstruction of bile drainage is obstructed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of hemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin in the process leading to jaundice?

<p>Heme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bodily organ is unable to convert bilirubin to a water-soluble compound in jaundice?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test may show elevated levels in a patient with hepatitis?

<p>Serological tests  Serum liver enzymes and serum bilirubin- may be elevated.  Prothrombin time (PT)- may be prolonged  Ammonia-May be elevated  Albumin- may be decreased  Abdominal x-ray  Liver biopsy  (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken by a patient after a liver biopsy procedure?

<p>Avoid coughing and heavy lifting for a week/Patient lies on right side for 2 hours  Vital signs monitored  Pressure applied to puncture site for 5 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication associated with hepatitis?

<p>Liver failure/ treatment for hepatits a is Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Pigments are deposited in body fluids and tissues' mainly due to:

<p>Elevated serum bilirubin levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Urine may be dark colored' in patients with jaundice due to:

<p>'Increased bilirubin content' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a hepatitis patient?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with dark skin, where should healthcare providers look for signs of jaundice?

<p>Palms of hands and soles of feet/Pale yellow to orange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of liver disease treatments?

<p>Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to avoid excessive alcohol consumption and high intake of free sugars in preventing cirrhosis?

<p>To prevent liver cell death and scarring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key method for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease?

<p>Monitoring liver enzyme levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is performing a liver transplant considered as a treatment option for liver disease?

<p>After the development of cirrhosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Acute Liver Failure mentioned in the text?

<p>Acetaminophen overdose/ctivated charcoal can be given within 1 hour.  N-acetylcysteine is the antidote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can excessive alcohol consumption and high intake of free sugars contribute to preventing cirrhosis according to the text?

<p>By causing liver cell damage and inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is performing a liver transplant considered as a treatment option for liver disease?

<p>When liver dialysis is not effective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key method for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease as suggested in the text?

<p>Checking elevated bilirubin levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action focuses on symptom relief for patients with Acute Liver Failure based on the text?

<p>Administering lactulose and rifaxinim to decrease ammonia levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a hepatitis patient according to the text?

<p>Bleeding, The focus of treatment is to stop and reverse damage to the liver. The airway must be supported.  May be intubated  Elevate HOB  Bedrest  NPO  NG tube  Most medications will be stopped  Complete rest of the liver is the goal.  May also require liver dialysi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a less common cause of cirrhosis in the US, although it can still lead to the condition?

<p>alcohol misuse is the most common cause in the US.  Hepatitis B and C infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in preventing cirrhosis as emphasized in the text?

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario might liver transplantation be considered as a treatment option for cirrhosis?

<p>When the liver is unable to function properly due to advanced cirrhosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease?

<p>Regular liver enzyme testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential way to provide symptom relief for patients with cirrhosis?

<p>Prescription of medications to manage symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the cause of cirrhosis according to the text?

<p>'Moderate' alcohol consumption is safe for the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT a recommended step in preventing cirrhosis?

<p>'Detox' diets for 'liver cleansing' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is not characteristic of advanced cirrhosis as mentioned in the text?

<p><em>Increased energy levels</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action could be detrimental to patients with cirrhosis, potentially worsening their condition?

<p><em>Following a high-fat diet</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of portal hypertension leading to cirrhosis?

<p>Obstructed blood flow from liver scarring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of fluid and sodium restriction in the treatment of cirrhosis?

<p>Reduce accumulation of ascitic fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential indication for liver transplantation in patients with liver disease?

<p>End-stage liver failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reliable method for monitoring liver function and status in patients with liver disease?

<p>Daily body weight measurements Ascites is when a large amount of fluid builds up in the abdominal cavity. Low production of albumin and portal hypertension attribute to this condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is primarily aimed at symptom relief in patients with acute liver failure?

<p>Medications to decrease the ammonia level. Ex: Lactulose , Rifaxinim (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hepatic encephalopathy, a complication of cirrhosis?

<p>-Hepatic encephalopathy is the result of increased levels of ammonia  Represents end-stage liver failureAsterixis (flapping tremors) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a patient with hepatitis?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reliable method for preventing the transmission of hepatitis E?

<p>Practicing good hand hygiene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following liver enzymes may show elevated levels in a patient with hepatitis, indicating liver injury?

<p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the identification of the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

<p>Alcohol misuse and malnourishment complication of alcoholic liver disease. Occurs when patients experience a deficiency in thiamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is wernicke and korasakoffs

<p>Wernicke encephalopathy- acute condition  Delirium, confusion, visual disturbances  Can be treated with oral or SQ thiamin/ Korasakoff’s psychosis-the result of damage to brain tissue.  Patients have memory and learning deficits that are our of proportion with the other cognitive functions.  Can be prevented but not reversed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer?

<p>associated with alcohol misuse and gallbladder disease.  Other causes: Tumors, medications, idiopathic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pancreatic cancer

<p>3rd leading cause of cancer related deaths in U.S.  Spreads rapidly  Associated with: smoking, obesity, DM, exposure to chemicals, cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, H. pylori infection  African American males have the highest rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common surgical procedure used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer?

<p>Whipple procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the prognosis typically described for patients with pancreatic cancer?

<p>Poor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common symptom associated with pancreatic cancer?

<p>early on no symptoms  Back or epigastric pain, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, malaise, weight loss  If bile duct is obstructed may have jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important measure to prevent reoccurrences of pancreatic cancer?

<p>Smoking cessation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key recommendation for managing symptoms in pancreatic cancer patients?

<p>Ensuring adequate hydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with advanced pancreatic cancer?

<p>Spread of cancer, gastric or duodenal obstruction; thrombophlebiti (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key indicator that a patient with acute pancreatitis may require liver transplantation?

<p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic pancreatitis?

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption/V fluids  Pain management: narcotic pain medication may be ordered.  H2 antagonistS  Patients may be kept NPO for 24 hours. Diet may then be started with clear liquid and progressed as tolerated.  NGT  Antibiotics  Electrolytes  Calcium  Insulin as needed  To prevent reoccurrences of this patients are encouraged to stop drinking or to seek treatment for gallbladder issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary method for monitoring the progression of acute pancreatitis?

<p>Serum amylase and lipase levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism underlying the severe pain associated with acute pancreatitis?

<p>Autodigestion of the pancreas by activated digestive enzymes/\Patients may experience complications from a secondary source. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal failure are the most likely causes of life-threatening complications.  Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)  Hemorrhage  Turner’s sign and Cullen’s sign.  Infection  Electrolyte imbalance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary goal of symptom relief in the treatment of acute pancreatitis?

<p>Managing pain through the administration of narcotic pain medicationH2 antagonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of acute pancreatitis that may require liver transplantation?

<p>Hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic pancreatitis and potential liver damage?

<p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treating acute cholecystitis?

<p>Addressing pain management/Prevention of infection and maintenance of electrolyte and fluid and electrolyte balance  If the patient has nausea and vomiting an antiemetic may be given.  For itching relief may be given Colestid or Questran. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended for monitoring the progression of cholecystitis?

<p>WBC count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cholelithiasis, which factor plays a crucial role post-cholecystectomy?

<p>Insertion of T-tube drain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in identifying the need for liver transplantation in patients with cholecystitis complications?

<p>Necrosis of the gallbladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom relief measure is specifically mentioned for patients with acute cholecystitis?

<p>Administration of antiemetics and Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator suggesting the progression from cholecystitis to chronic pancreatitis?

<p>Repeated attacks of pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is crucial for monitoring gallbladder complications?

<p>HIDA scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism underlying the formation of gallstones (cholelithiasis)?

<p>They can occur from aging, obesity, pregnancy, estrogen, stasis of bile, fasting, medication, and can have a familial tendency.  Inactive lifestyle and a diet excessive in cholesterol and fat contribute also.  Hemolytic blood disorders and bowel disorders (Crohn’s disease) are factors as well (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of managing cholelithiasis (gallstones) in the absence of acute symptoms?

<p>Monitoring and lifestyle modifications/reatment for cholelithiasis usually involves cholecystectomy.  Diet after is very important!  Large stones may require an open procedure and placement of T-tube drain  Inserted into common duct to allow bile drainage  Large amount of drainage (500-1000mL) on the first day  Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy  Medication  Diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)?

<p>Rupture of the gallbladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary method for monitoring the progression of gallbladder disorders?

<p>Abdominal ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of chronic cholecystitis (repeated inflammation of the gallbladder), what is a potential treatment option?

<p>Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom associated with choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the common bile duct)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic gallbladder disorders and potential complications?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cholecystitis of the gallbladder?

<p>inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic  Acute cholecystitis  often the response to an obstruction of the common bile duct. When the bile is stagnant it can be invaded by bacteria. This leads to more inflammation and infection.  Can lead to rupture of the gallbladd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chronic cholecystitis?

<p>Chronic cholecystitis  Repeated attacks of cholecystitis can lead to the gallbladder becoming thick and hard. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cholelithiasis in the gallbladder

<p>Cholelithiasis if the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.  can be associated with no symptoms for many years.  Choledocholithiasis refers to gallstones that are wedged in the common bile duct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of identifying the cause of cholecystitis?

<p>To guide symptom relief measures/inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more information about cholelithisasis

<p>In cases of chronic cholecystitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are symtoms for cholelithiasis

<p>Epigastric pain, right upper quadrant pain, nausea, indigestion, intolerance of high fat foods, increased temperature, increased pulse, increased respirations, vomiting and jaundice.  Symptoms usually lasts 1 to 3 hours. If a stone is in the duct the pain may last until it is passed into the duodenum.  Obstruction of the common bile duct can cause clay-colored fatty stools  Absence of bilirubin and bile salts in the small intestine  Jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symtoms for cholecystitis

<p>Pain that is caused by cholesystitis usually lasts 4 to 6 hours. The pain is often made worse with movement.  The patient often has a low grade fever, nausea and vomiting.  Patients often have repeated attacks of this.  Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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