Hepatitis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the common cause of Hepatitis as mentioned in the text?

  • bacteria, viruses, drugs, alcohol, or chemicals (correct)
  • Alcohol
  • Chemicals
  • Bacteria
  • How does viral Hepatitis D differ from the other types?

  • Blood or body fluids, co-infected with Hep B (correct)
  • Fecal-oral route transmission
  • Contaminated water transmission
  • Blood transfusions transmission
  • What is a potential consequence of damage to the bile canaliculi?

  • Metabolic disorders
  • Liver regeneration
  • Normal liver function
  • Obstructive jaundice/If there are no complications cells can regenerate and normal function can be restored. (correct)
  • How can Hepatitis E be transmitted?

    <p>Contaminated water, raw or undercooked pork or venison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for preventing Hepatitis infection?

    <p>good hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal hygiene items, avoid sharing needles, condoms for higher risk sex, vaccinations (Hep A and Hep B)  IG after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Hepatitis infections?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be the result if liver cells are damaged due to inflammation?

    <p>Loss of liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals is highlighted as potentially infected with Hepatitis unknowingly due to long-term infection?

    <p>Individuals born between 1945-1965/have been infected for as many as 20 years and did not know that they were infected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'If damage involves the bile canaliculi, what will occur?' - This question tests your understanding of what concept?

    <p>'Obstructive jaundice'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method of prevention against Hepatitis infection according to the information provided?

    <p>Avoiding sharing personal hygiene items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the prodromal stage of Hepatitis?

    <p>Onset of flu-like symptoms/Also known as preicteric stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the icteric stage of Hepatitis, what differentiates it from the prodromal stage?occurs about 5 or 10 days after the prodromal stage. lasts about 2 to 6 weeks

    <p>Jaundice is present/the urine is usually dark and the liver is enlarged and tender in this stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Hepatitis signifies that the patient is on the path to full recovery?

    <p>Convalescent stage/Full recovery depends on the type of Hepatitis  Depends on the compliance to the treatment regimen. The patient should not have any liver toxic substances for at least a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a Hepatitis patient avoid for at least a year to ensure recovery?

    <p>Liver toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hepatitis, what is a key indicator of progression from the prodromal stage to the icteric stage?

    <p>Jaundice appears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the yellowing of the skin and sclera in jaundice or icterus?

    <p>high levels of billirubin or Obstruction of bile drainage is obstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of hemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin in the process leading to jaundice?

    <p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bodily organ is unable to convert bilirubin to a water-soluble compound in jaundice?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test may show elevated levels in a patient with hepatitis?

    <p>Serological tests  Serum liver enzymes and serum bilirubin- may be elevated.  Prothrombin time (PT)- may be prolonged  Ammonia-May be elevated  Albumin- may be decreased  Abdominal x-ray  Liver biopsy </p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken by a patient after a liver biopsy procedure?

    <p>Avoid coughing and heavy lifting for a week/Patient lies on right side for 2 hours  Vital signs monitored  Pressure applied to puncture site for 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication associated with hepatitis?

    <p>Liver failure/ treatment for hepatits a is Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pigments are deposited in body fluids and tissues' mainly due to:

    <p>Elevated serum bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Urine may be dark colored' in patients with jaundice due to:

    <p>'Increased bilirubin content'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a hepatitis patient?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with dark skin, where should healthcare providers look for signs of jaundice?

    <p>Palms of hands and soles of feet/Pale yellow to orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of liver disease treatments?

    <p>Goal is to identify cause, monitor liver status, provide symptom relief, and prevent cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to avoid excessive alcohol consumption and high intake of free sugars in preventing cirrhosis?

    <p>To prevent liver cell death and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key method for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease?

    <p>Monitoring liver enzyme levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is performing a liver transplant considered as a treatment option for liver disease?

    <p>After the development of cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Acute Liver Failure mentioned in the text?

    <p>Acetaminophen overdose/ctivated charcoal can be given within 1 hour.  N-acetylcysteine is the antidote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can excessive alcohol consumption and high intake of free sugars contribute to preventing cirrhosis according to the text?

    <p>By causing liver cell damage and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is performing a liver transplant considered as a treatment option for liver disease?

    <p>When liver dialysis is not effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key method for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease as suggested in the text?

    <p>Checking elevated bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action focuses on symptom relief for patients with Acute Liver Failure based on the text?

    <p>Administering lactulose and rifaxinim to decrease ammonia levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a hepatitis patient according to the text?

    <p>Bleeding, The focus of treatment is to stop and reverse damage to the liver. The airway must be supported.  May be intubated  Elevate HOB  Bedrest  NPO  NG tube  Most medications will be stopped  Complete rest of the liver is the goal.  May also require liver dialysi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a less common cause of cirrhosis in the US, although it can still lead to the condition?

    <p>alcohol misuse is the most common cause in the US.  Hepatitis B and C infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step in preventing cirrhosis as emphasized in the text?

    <p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might liver transplantation be considered as a treatment option for cirrhosis?

    <p>When the liver is unable to function properly due to advanced cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for monitoring liver function in individuals with liver disease?

    <p>Regular liver enzyme testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential way to provide symptom relief for patients with cirrhosis?

    <p>Prescription of medications to manage symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the cause of cirrhosis according to the text?

    <p>'Moderate' alcohol consumption is safe for the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT a recommended step in preventing cirrhosis?

    <p>'Detox' diets for 'liver cleansing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not characteristic of advanced cirrhosis as mentioned in the text?

    <p><em>Increased energy levels</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action could be detrimental to patients with cirrhosis, potentially worsening their condition?

    <p><em>Following a high-fat diet</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of portal hypertension leading to cirrhosis?

    <p>Obstructed blood flow from liver scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of fluid and sodium restriction in the treatment of cirrhosis?

    <p>Reduce accumulation of ascitic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential indication for liver transplantation in patients with liver disease?

    <p>End-stage liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reliable method for monitoring liver function and status in patients with liver disease?

    <p>Daily body weight measurements Ascites is when a large amount of fluid builds up in the abdominal cavity. Low production of albumin and portal hypertension attribute to this condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is primarily aimed at symptom relief in patients with acute liver failure?

    <p>Medications to decrease the ammonia level. Ex: Lactulose , Rifaxinim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hepatic encephalopathy, a complication of cirrhosis?

    <p>-Hepatic encephalopathy is the result of increased levels of ammonia  Represents end-stage liver failureAsterixis (flapping tremors)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged prothrombin time (PT) in a patient with hepatitis?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reliable method for preventing the transmission of hepatitis E?

    <p>Practicing good hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following liver enzymes may show elevated levels in a patient with hepatitis, indicating liver injury?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the identification of the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

    <p>Alcohol misuse and malnourishment complication of alcoholic liver disease. Occurs when patients experience a deficiency in thiamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is wernicke and korasakoffs

    <p>Wernicke encephalopathy- acute condition  Delirium, confusion, visual disturbances  Can be treated with oral or SQ thiamin/ Korasakoff’s psychosis-the result of damage to brain tissue.  Patients have memory and learning deficits that are our of proportion with the other cognitive functions.  Can be prevented but not reversed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer?

    <p>associated with alcohol misuse and gallbladder disease.  Other causes: Tumors, medications, idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pancreatic cancer

    <p>3rd leading cause of cancer related deaths in U.S.  Spreads rapidly  Associated with: smoking, obesity, DM, exposure to chemicals, cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, H. pylori infection  African American males have the highest rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common surgical procedure used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Whipple procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the prognosis typically described for patients with pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptom associated with pancreatic cancer?

    <p>early on no symptoms  Back or epigastric pain, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, malaise, weight loss  If bile duct is obstructed may have jaundice, dark urine, light-colored stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important measure to prevent reoccurrences of pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Smoking cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key recommendation for managing symptoms in pancreatic cancer patients?

    <p>Ensuring adequate hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with advanced pancreatic cancer?

    <p>Spread of cancer, gastric or duodenal obstruction; thrombophlebiti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key indicator that a patient with acute pancreatitis may require liver transplantation?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption/V fluids  Pain management: narcotic pain medication may be ordered.  H2 antagonistS  Patients may be kept NPO for 24 hours. Diet may then be started with clear liquid and progressed as tolerated.  NGT  Antibiotics  Electrolytes  Calcium  Insulin as needed  To prevent reoccurrences of this patients are encouraged to stop drinking or to seek treatment for gallbladder issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary method for monitoring the progression of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Serum amylase and lipase levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism underlying the severe pain associated with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Autodigestion of the pancreas by activated digestive enzymes/\Patients may experience complications from a secondary source. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal failure are the most likely causes of life-threatening complications.  Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)  Hemorrhage  Turner’s sign and Cullen’s sign.  Infection  Electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary goal of symptom relief in the treatment of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Managing pain through the administration of narcotic pain medicationH2 antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of acute pancreatitis that may require liver transplantation?

    <p>Hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic pancreatitis and potential liver damage?

    <p>Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Addressing pain management/Prevention of infection and maintenance of electrolyte and fluid and electrolyte balance  If the patient has nausea and vomiting an antiemetic may be given.  For itching relief may be given Colestid or Questran.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for monitoring the progression of cholecystitis?

    <p>WBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cholelithiasis, which factor plays a crucial role post-cholecystectomy?

    <p>Insertion of T-tube drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in identifying the need for liver transplantation in patients with cholecystitis complications?

    <p>Necrosis of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom relief measure is specifically mentioned for patients with acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Administration of antiemetics and Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indicator suggesting the progression from cholecystitis to chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Repeated attacks of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is crucial for monitoring gallbladder complications?

    <p>HIDA scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism underlying the formation of gallstones (cholelithiasis)?

    <p>They can occur from aging, obesity, pregnancy, estrogen, stasis of bile, fasting, medication, and can have a familial tendency.  Inactive lifestyle and a diet excessive in cholesterol and fat contribute also.  Hemolytic blood disorders and bowel disorders (Crohn’s disease) are factors as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing cholelithiasis (gallstones) in the absence of acute symptoms?

    <p>Monitoring and lifestyle modifications/reatment for cholelithiasis usually involves cholecystectomy.  Diet after is very important!  Large stones may require an open procedure and placement of T-tube drain  Inserted into common duct to allow bile drainage  Large amount of drainage (500-1000mL) on the first day  Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy  Medication  Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)?

    <p>Rupture of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary method for monitoring the progression of gallbladder disorders?

    <p>Abdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the management of chronic cholecystitis (repeated inflammation of the gallbladder), what is a potential treatment option?

    <p>Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key symptom associated with choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the common bile duct)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step in preventing the development of chronic gallbladder disorders and potential complications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cholecystitis of the gallbladder?

    <p>inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic  Acute cholecystitis  often the response to an obstruction of the common bile duct. When the bile is stagnant it can be invaded by bacteria. This leads to more inflammation and infection.  Can lead to rupture of the gallbladd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chronic cholecystitis?

    <p>Chronic cholecystitis  Repeated attacks of cholecystitis can lead to the gallbladder becoming thick and hard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cholelithiasis in the gallbladder

    <p>Cholelithiasis if the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.  can be associated with no symptoms for many years.  Choledocholithiasis refers to gallstones that are wedged in the common bile duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of identifying the cause of cholecystitis?

    <p>To guide symptom relief measures/inflammation of the gallbladder.  Can be acute or chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is more information about cholelithisasis

    <p>In cases of chronic cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symtoms for cholelithiasis

    <p>Epigastric pain, right upper quadrant pain, nausea, indigestion, intolerance of high fat foods, increased temperature, increased pulse, increased respirations, vomiting and jaundice.  Symptoms usually lasts 1 to 3 hours. If a stone is in the duct the pain may last until it is passed into the duodenum.  Obstruction of the common bile duct can cause clay-colored fatty stools  Absence of bilirubin and bile salts in the small intestine  Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are signs and symtoms for cholecystitis

    <p>Pain that is caused by cholesystitis usually lasts 4 to 6 hours. The pain is often made worse with movement.  The patient often has a low grade fever, nausea and vomiting.  Patients often have repeated attacks of this.  Murphy’s sign  Ask the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area  The patient experiences pain/tenderness sufficient to cause an abrupt halt in inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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