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What is the meaning of the term quasi-species in the context of viral infections?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
What can stabilize a genetic change in a viral population?
What is the unique strategy used by HBV for replication?
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Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
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Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
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Which drug can work as monotherapy against HBV but not against HIV?
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What is the rate of mutations introduced in HBV genome by Reverse Transcriptase?
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What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
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What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What is the effect of the lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT on HBsAg?
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What is the efficacy of antivirals and vaccine against HBV?
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What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
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Which genotype of Hepatitis C Virus is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
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What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus?
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What is the immediate precursor of HIV-1?
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What is the mechanism responsible for the great genetic diversity of HIV?
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What is viral recombination?
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What is the unique feature of recombination between the host cell genome and the genome of retroviruses?
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Why is HCV characterized by a high degree of genetic variability?
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What is the concept of quasispecies in the context of viral infections?
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How does recombination occur in RNA viruses?
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What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
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Which genotype of Hepatitis C Virus is the most efficient in driving steatosis?
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What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus?
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What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
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What is the immediate precursor of HIV-1?
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What is the unique feature of HBV genome organization?
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Which type of mutations in HIV-1 RT make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
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What is the rate of mutations introduced in HBV genome by Reverse Transcriptase?
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Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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What is the term used to describe the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual for some viruses like HIV and HCV?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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What are the two ways in which viruses can be genetically modified?
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What is the concept derived from the observation that, in an individual infected for a long time, there is a continued evolution of the virus, as a result of spontaneous mutations and selective pressures exerted by host’s immunity and drug therapy?
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What is the frequency of spontaneous mutations introduced in HBV genome by Reverse Transcriptase per nucleotide per replication cycle?
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What is antigenic drift?
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What is antigenic shift?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
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What is the significance of antigenic shift in the epidemiology of influenza viruses?
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What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
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What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What is the efficacy of antivirals and vaccine against HBV?
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What is viral recombination?
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What is the effect of the lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT on HBsAg?
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What is the unique feature of recombination between the host cell genome and the genome of retroviruses?
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What is the concept of quasispecies in the context of viral infections?
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Why is HCV characterized by a high degree of genetic variability?
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What is the frequency of recombination in those viruses in which the exchange of the template strand is a normal event in the process of synthesis of the viral genome?
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What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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What is the significance of antigenic shift in the epidemiology of influenza viruses type A?
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Which viruses have a relatively low mutation rate similar to that observed in cellular organisms?
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What is the reason for the genetic stability of DNA viruses?
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What is the term used to describe the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual for some viruses like HIV and HCV?
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What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus in Europe?
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What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
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What are the two ways in which viruses can be genetically modified?
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What is the immediate precursor of HIV-1?
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What is the concept derived from the observation that, in an individual infected for a long time, there is a continued evolution of the virus, as a result of spontaneous mutations and selective pressures exerted by host’s immunity and drug therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique feature of recombination between the host cell genome and the genome of retroviruses?
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What is the unique mechanism responsible for the genetic diversity of HIV?
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What is viral recombination?
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Why is HCV characterized by a high degree of genetic variability?
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What is the term used to describe the high degree of variability of HCV at the patient level?
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What is the unique feature of recombination between the host cell genome and the genome of retroviruses?
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What is the effect of HCV polymerase lacking the proofreading-function?
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What is the effect of lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT and I195M+E164D in HBsAg?
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What is the practical implication of genetic variability in S gene of HBV?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What is the implication of viral evolution?
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What is the implication of high variability of viruses?
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What is the smallest known animal DNA virus?
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What is the unique replication strategy used by HBV?
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What is the mutation rate introduced by the Reverse Transcriptase in HBV genome?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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What is the class of drugs that target the attachment of HIV to host cells?
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What is the class of drugs that target the fusion of HIV with host cells?
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What is the class of drugs that target the integration of HIV DNA into host cell DNA?
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What is the class of drugs that target the reverse transcription of HIV RNA into DNA?
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What is the unique feature of HBV genome organization?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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Which class of drugs targets the fusion of HIV with host cells?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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Which region of the HIV genome is the most prone to variation?
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What is the most prevalent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus in chronically infected patients worldwide?
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Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
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What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
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What is the mechanism responsible for the great genetic diversity of HIV?
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Which HCV genotype is the most efficient in driving steatosis?
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What is the concept of quasi-species in virology?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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What can cause a genetic change to be stabilized in a viral population?
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What are the ways in which viruses can be genetically modified?
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What is the term used to describe the high degree of variability of HCV at the patient level?
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What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
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What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
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What is the relationship between lamivudine resistance mutations in RT and HBsAg?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of genetic variability in S gene of HBV?
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What is antigenic drift?
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What is antigenic shift?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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Which viruses are prone to antigenic shift?
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What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?
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What is viral recombination?
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What is the reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
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What is the mechanism of recombination in RNA viruses?
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What is the concept of quasispecies in viral infections?
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What is the frequency of recombination in retroviruses?
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What is the unique feature of HBV replication compared to other DNA viruses?
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Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
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Which class of drugs targets the fusion of HIV with host cells?
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Which mutations in HIV-1 RT make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
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What is the estimated number of HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms described till date?
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What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
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Which virus is the immediate precursor of HIV-1?
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What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
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Which genotype of Hepatitis C Virus is the most frequent worldwide in chronically infected patients?
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Which viral replicative enzyme lacks proofreading function?
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What is the term used to describe the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual for some viruses like HIV and HCV?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism responsible for the great genetic diversity of HIV?
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What is the unique feature of HBV genome organization?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What is the practical implication of genetic variability in the S gene of HBV?
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What is the effect of the M204V+L180M+V173L mutations in RT of HBV?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What can explain seasonal outbreaks, host change, and pandemics?
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What is the implication of viruses with high propensity to variability?
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What is the mutation rate of DNA viruses during replication?
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Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
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What is antigenic drift?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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What is antigenic shift?
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Which type of viruses are prone to antigenic shift?
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What is viral recombination?
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Why is HCV characterized by a high degree of genetic variability?
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What is the concept of quasispecies?
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What is the difference between viral recombination in DNA and RNA viruses?
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What is the frequency of recombination in viruses?
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What is the unique feature of HBV replication compared to other DNA viruses?
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Which HIV genome region is the most variable?
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What is the class of drugs that target the integration of HIV DNA into host cell DNA?
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What is the rate of mutations introduced in HBV genome by Reverse Transcriptase?
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What is the most common NNRTI-resistant mutation in HIV-1?
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What is antigenic drift?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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What is antigenic shift?
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Which virus is a classic example of a virus subjected to antigenic drift?
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What is the significance of antigenic shift in the epidemiology of influenza viruses?
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What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
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Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
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What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy?
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What is the immediate precursor of HIV-1?
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What is the reason for the great genetic diversity of HIV?
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What is the practical implication of genetic variability in the S gene of HBV?
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What can explain seasonal outbreaks, host change, and pandemics of viruses?
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What is the implication of viruses with high propensity to variability?
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What is the effect of deletions in pre-S regions of HBV?
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What is the implication of the variability of viruses?
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What is the concept of quasi-species in viral populations?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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How can viruses be genetically modified?
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What is the term used to describe the high degree of variability of some viruses at the patient level?
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What is the effect of reverse transcriptase lacking proofreading function?
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What is viral recombination?
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What is the reason for the high degree of genetic variability of HCV?
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In which type of viruses is the frequency of recombination high?
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What is the concept of quasispecies in relation to HCV?
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What is the mechanism of recombination in DNA viruses?
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What is the unique feature of HBV replication compared to other DNA viruses?
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Which class of drugs targets the attachment of HIV to host cells?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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Which genome region of HIV is the most prone to variation?
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Which virus has a DNA genome characterized by a high genetic variability, second only to RNA viruses like HIV and HCV?
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What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
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Which genotype of Hepatitis C Virus is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
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What is the most efficient genotype in driving steatosis?
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What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy?
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What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
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What is the concept of quasi-species in viral infections?
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What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
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How can viruses be genetically modified?
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What is the term for the continued evolution of the virus in an individual infected for a long time?
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Which viruses have the concept of quasi-species been developed for?
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What is the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift in viruses?
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Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
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What is the role of genetic reassortment in antigenic shift?
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Which viruses are prone to antigenic shift?
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What is the effect of antigenic drift on influenza viruses?
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What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
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What is the correlation between deletions in pre-S regions and liver cancer risk?
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What is the practical implication of genetic variability in viruses?
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What is the effect of lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT on HBsAg?
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What is the implication of viral evolution?
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What is the unique feature of HBV genome organization?
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What is viral recombination?
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What is the mechanism of recombination in DNA viruses?
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What is the term used to describe the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual for some viruses like HIV and HCV?
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What is the mechanism responsible for the great genetic diversity of HIV?
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Why is HCV characterized by a degree of genetic variability?
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