Hepatitis B Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of transmission for Hepatitis B?

  • Airborne droplets
  • Blood and blood products (correct)
  • Direct skin contact
  • Ingesting contaminated food

What does the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for more than 6 months indicate?

  • An acute infection only
  • Chronic infection (correct)
  • A past infection
  • A probable household contact

What tests can be used for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B infection?

  • Complete blood count and urinalysis
  • MRI and CT scan
  • Serology and liver biopsy (correct)
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X-ray

Which of the following is a symptom that may appear after Hepatitis B infection?

<p>Symptoms usually appear about one to four months after infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is correct?

<p>HBV has a double-stranded DNA genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment recommended by the World Health Organization for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 2015?

<p>Tenofovir or Entecavir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunization can prevent both acute and chronic cases of Hepatitis B?

<p>Recombinant vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection?

<p>Higher risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer when chronically infected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis D virus (HDV)?

<p>Blood exposure via needle stick injuries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome for most individuals with acute Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections?

<p>Most will clear the virus spontaneously within 6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is advised to receive the Hepatitis B vaccine?

<p>Persons with diabetes or chronic liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus does Hepatitis C belong to?

<p>Flavivirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Hepatitis B vaccine produced?

<p>Using recombinant DNA technology with yeast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fatality rate for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

<p>38% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a later symptom of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

<p>Blurred vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for dengue viruses?

<p>Bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is available for hantavirus infections?

<p>No specific treatment, only supportive therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)?

<p>Low blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many serotypes of dengue viruses can cause dengue fever?

<p>Four (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment may be necessary for managing severe fluid overload in severe cases of HPS?

<p>Dialysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common initial symptom of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

<p>Fever and chills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common mild symptom of dengue?

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of dengue symptoms?

<p>2–7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people is at higher risk for developing severe dengue?

<p>Infants and pregnant women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Lassa virus?

<p>Direct contact with infected rodents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary treatment approach for severe dengue?

<p>Supportive care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of severe dengue?

<p>Mild fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary ways humans can get infected by Lassa virus?

<p>Ingestion or inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is recommended for managing symptoms of dengue?

<p>Taking paracetamol for fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of persons who will develop chronic HCV infection after initial exposure?

<p>70% to 85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?

<p>Casual contact or hugging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals with chronic HCV infection are at risk of developing cirrhosis within 20 years?

<p>15% to 30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with acute Hepatitis C infection?

<p>Joint pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is used to assess the degree of liver damage in patients with Hepatitis C?

<p>FibroTest® (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment combination for Hepatitis C mentioned?

<p>Sofosbuvir with ribavirin and pegylated interferon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diagnostic tests work by using an algorithm based on patient-specific factors?

<p>Biopredictive tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments for Hepatitis C is administered orally?

<p>Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average incubation period for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) after exposure?

<p>8 to 10 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a wet symptom of Ebola?

<p>Fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to consider EVD as a possible diagnosis?

<p>Combination of symptoms and exposure within 21 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of specimen is typically required for testing suspected EVD cases?

<p>Blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola?

<p>Ervebo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is part of supportive care for EVD?

<p>Providing fluids and electrolytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main method of transmission for hantaviruses?

<p>Contact with bodily fluids of rodents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strains is NOT associated with hantavirus diseases in humans?

<p>Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a type of virus that belongs to the hepadnavirus family. It's known for causing hepatitis B, a liver infection.

Describe the structure of HBV.

HBV is an enveloped virus containing double-stranded DNA. Its structure makes it resilient and able to survive outside the body for extended periods.

How is HBV transmitted?

Transmission of HBV occurs through the exchange of bodily fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. Shared needles, sexual contact, and mother-to-child transmission during birth are common routes.

Explain the different stages of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B can manifest as a short-term illness (acute infection) or progress to a long-term, chronic condition. Symptoms may be mild or severe, appearing usually 1-4 months after infection; however, some people, especially children, may experience no symptoms.

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What is the significance of HBsAg?

HBsAg presence in the blood indicates active HBV infection. It's used for diagnosis and blood screening. Its specific antibody is anti-HBs.

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Hepatitis B Vaccine

A recombinant vaccine based on the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene inserted into yeast. It can prevent both acute and chronic hepatitis B infection.

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Entecavir (Baraclude)

A medication used to treat hepatitis B. It works by blocking the virus from replicating in the body.

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Tenofovir (Viread)

Another medication used to treat hepatitis B. It also works by blocking the virus from replicating.

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Interferon alpha 2a (Pegylated IFN 2a)

A medication used to treat hepatitis B. It works by interfering with the virus's ability to reproduce.

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Fulminant Hepatitis

A serious and potentially life-threatening form of hepatitis B, often characterized by rapid liver damage.

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Hepatitis D Virus (Delta agent)

A viral infection that only occurs in coinfection or superinfection with the hepatitis B virus. It is associated with more severe acute hepatitis and a higher risk of chronic liver complications.

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

A virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, responsible for causing hepatitis C infection.

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Acute HCV Infection

A type of hepatitis C infection that occurs shortly after exposure to the virus. It is often asymptomatic, but can lead to chronic infection in some cases.

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HCV Incubation Period

The time period between HCV infection and the appearance of symptoms.

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Chronic HCV Infection

The development of persistent HCV infection, occurring in approximately 70% of infected individuals.

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Cirrhosis

A serious complication of chronic HCV infection, characterized by damage to the liver.

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A type of liver cancer that can arise in individuals with chronic HCV infection.

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Anti-HCV Antibody Test

A test used to detect the presence of HCV antibodies in the blood, indicating a past or present infection.

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HCV RNA Test

A test used to measure the amount of HCV RNA (genetic material) in the blood, indicating viral load and infectivity.

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METAVIR System

A system used to classify the severity of liver fibrosis (scarring) in individuals with chronic HCV infection.

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What is the incubation period for Ebola virus?

The time between exposure to Ebola virus and the appearance of symptoms, typically lasting between 2 to 21 days.

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What are 'dry' symptoms of Ebola?

Early Ebola symptoms like fever, body aches, and fatigue.

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What are 'wet' symptoms of Ebola?

Later Ebola symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding, indicating a more severe stage of the illness.

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How is Ebola diagnosed?

Specimen: Blood; Lab test: RT-PCR. This is a combination of symptoms suggestive of Ebola AND exposure history within 21 days before the onset of symptoms.

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What are the main components of supportive care for Ebola?

Providing fluids and electrolytes, managing blood pressure, reducing vomiting and diarrhea, treating fever and pain, and addressing other infections.

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What are some Ebola therapies?

Inmazeb™ and ebanga™: monoclonal antibodies used to treat Ebola infection.

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What is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola?

Ervebo®: a single-dose vaccine approved by the FDA for adults at risk of exposure to Ebola virus.

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What are hantaviruses?

Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents. Some strains can cause severe diseases in humans, such as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).

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What is dengue?

Dengue is a viral infection spread by mosquitos, causing fever, headache, and muscle pain. It can progress to severe dengue, characterized by internal bleeding and shock.

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What is severe dengue?

Severe dengue is a life-threatening complication of dengue fever where the body's immune system overreacts, causing internal bleeding and organ damage.

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What is Lassa fever?

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, endemic to West Africa. It is transmitted through contact with infected rodents or their bodily fluids.

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Who is the carrier of Lassa virus?

Mastomys rodents are the natural hosts of the Lassa virus. They shed the virus in their urine and droppings, leading to human infection through contact.

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How is Lassa fever transmitted?

Lassa fever transmission occurs when humans come into contact with the virus from infected rodents' bodily fluids or contaminated objects.

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How do you treat dengue?

Rest, hydration, and pain relief with paracetamol are crucial steps for dengue treatment. Severe dengue requires immediate medical attention.

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What is the treatment for Lassa fever?

Intensive supportive care is the primary treatment for Lassa fever. This includes managing symptoms like fever, pain, and fluid loss.

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What are the symptoms of Lassa fever?

Lassa fever can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle pain, and bleeding. Severe cases can lead to organ damage and death.

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What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)?

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a serious respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses. It typically starts with flu-like symptoms such as muscle aches, fever, and cough. As the illness progresses, it can lead to shortness of breath and fluid buildup in the lungs.

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What is Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)?

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) is another serious illness caused by hantaviruses. It involves a combination of fever, bleeding, and kidney problems. Initial symptoms include muscle aches, headache, and fever. Later symptoms include low blood pressure, shock, and kidney failure.

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How are hantavirus infections treated?

There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infections, so treatment focuses on supporting the body's functions. This includes maintaining fluid balance, managing oxygen levels, and treating any secondary infections. In some cases, antiviral medications or dialysis may be required.

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Describe dengue fever and its transmission.

Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by four different serotypes of dengue viruses. It is transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti species. Dengue can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and rash.

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Which mosquito transmits dengue?

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary carriers of dengue viruses. They thrive in tropical and subtropical regions and are known for their distinctive black and white markings.

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Can dengue viruses infect a person multiple times?

Dengue viruses can infect a person multiple times, as there are four different serotypes. A person can be infected with a dengue virus as many as four times in their lifetime. Each infection may differ in severity and can even lead to more severe complications such as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.

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Study Notes

Medical Virology (Part 4)

  •  Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, potentially leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
  •  Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis globally.
  •  Other causes include infections, toxins (e.g., alcohol, drugs), and autoimmune diseases.
  •  Viral hepatitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.
  •  Hepatocellular carcinoma, one of the top 10 cancers worldwide, is strongly linked to hepatitis B and, in some regions, hepatitis C.
  •  Five main hepatitis viruses exist (types A, B, C, D, and E).

Viral Hepatitis A (HAV)

  • HAV belongs to the Picornavirus family; it is non-enveloped, and has (+)ssRNA.
  • Transmission is fecal-oral, via contaminated food or water or infected food handlers.
  • Incubation period is typically 14-28 days.
  • Symptoms range from mild to severe, including fever, malaise, anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, joint pain, elevated liver enzymes, and jaundice.
  • Adults generally experience more severe symptoms than children.
  • Diagnosis involves detecting IgM antibodies or HAV RNA via RT-PCR in the blood.
  • No specific treatment; supportive care focuses on improved sanitation and food safety.
  • Vaccination is available and recommended.

Viral Hepatitis E (HEV)

  • HEV belongs to the Calicivirus family; it is non-enveloped, and has (+)ssRNA.
  • Transmission is similar to HAV (fecal-oral).
  • Symptoms are similar to HAV.
  • Diagnosis involves detecting IgM antibodies or HEV RNA via RT-PCR.
  • Treatment is similar to HAV.
  • Currently no FDA-approved vaccine for HEV.

Viral Hepatitis B (HBV)

  • HBV belongs to the Hepadnavirus family and is is enveloped, dsDNA.
  • Transmission occurs through blood-to-blood contact (e.g., blood transfusions, sharing needles, sexual contact), vertical transmission (mother to child), and contact with infected body fluids..
  • Symptoms range from mild to severe, often appearing one to four months post-infection. Some individuals are asymptomatic.
  • Diagnosis involves serological testing (detecting viral antigens or antibody response), and HBV-PCR (detecting viral nucleic acid), and possibly liver biopsy.
  • Treatment focuses on supportive care and sometimes antiviral medications like entecavir, tenofovir, or lamivudine.
  • Vaccination is available and recommended.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

  • HCV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is an enveloped virus, (+)ssRNA.
  • Transmission primarily through blood-to-blood contact (e.g., sharing needles, blood transfusions).
  • HCV infections are typically asymptomatic initially.
  • The majority of individuals develop chronic infection.
  • Diagnosis relies on detecting anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA (e.g., RT-PCR) and advanced diagnostics (METAVIR).
  • Treatment focuses on antiviral medications (e.g., Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir).

Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)

  • HDV is a delta agent dependent on HBV and is an ssRNA virus.
  • It's transmitted via parenteral route.
  • Symptoms are more severe in co-infection with HBV.
  • No specialized treatment exists.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  • VHFs are conditions affecting multiple organ systems, often causing bleeding and potentially life-threatening illness.
  • These often have no known cure or vaccine.
  • The most significant causes are viruses.
  • Viruses can be enveloped and spread from animals to humans and between humans.
  • Four examples are Ebola virus, Hantaviruses, Dengue viruses, and Lassa fever virus.

Ebola Virus

  •  Ebola is a zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact.
  •  Contact with blood or body fluids (infected individuals or deceased victims) is a major risk.
  • Symptoms include fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and abdominal pain; followed by internal bleeding.
  • Treatment: Supportive care (e.g., fluids, electrolytes), and therapy for other infections.

Hantaviruses

  • Hantaviruses are spread mainly through contact with rodent bodily fluids or exposure to aerosolized particles (e.g., urine, feces).

Dengue Viruses

  • Dengue is primarily transmitted by infected mosquito bites.
  • Four serotypes exist, and a person can be infected multiple times.
  •  Symptoms include fever, muscle/joint pain, headache, and rash.
  • Treatment: Supportive care (e.g., rest, fluids, pain relief).

Lassa fever virus

  • Lassa is a rodent-borne virus mainly spread by urine, excreta or contaminated food or objects.
  •  Symptoms include fever, malaise, headache, muscle aches; significant complications may appear such as bleeding and shock.
  • Treatment: supportive care, sometimes Ribavirin.

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Medical Virology (Part 4) PDF

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Test your knowledge on Hepatitis B transmission, diagnosis, and symptoms. This quiz covers key concepts related to the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its implications in health. Challenge yourself with questions about HBsAg and other related topics.

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