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Questions and Answers
What is the primary marker for acute Hepatitis A infection?
What is the primary marker for acute Hepatitis A infection?
Which test method is used for detecting IgM Anti-HAV?
Which test method is used for detecting IgM Anti-HAV?
What is indicated by the appearance of IgM Anti-HAV?
What is indicated by the appearance of IgM Anti-HAV?
In cases of acute viral hepatitis, what is typically observed?
In cases of acute viral hepatitis, what is typically observed?
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What does persistent elevation of IgG Anti-HAV indicate?
What does persistent elevation of IgG Anti-HAV indicate?
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What is a potential cause of noninfectious hepatitis?
What is a potential cause of noninfectious hepatitis?
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What is the typical time frame for the decline of IgM Anti-HAV after infection?
What is the typical time frame for the decline of IgM Anti-HAV after infection?
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What is one of the early markers of Hepatitis A infection?
What is one of the early markers of Hepatitis A infection?
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Study Notes
Hepatitis A
- Cause: HAV - Picornaviridae
- Marker of acute Hepatitis A: IgM anti-HAV
- Peak of illness: During first month
- Duration of decline: 6 to 12 months
- Detection method: Solid-phase antibody capture ELISA, competitive inhibition ELISA
- Transmission: Fecal-oral route
- Incubation period: 28 days
- Disease course: Acute and self-limiting; no carrier state
- Diagnosis: Liver function tests (ALT), total bilirubin, anti-HAV detection via enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA)
- Prevention: Immunoglobulin injections within 2 weeks of exposure for household and sexual contacts of infected individuals
Hepatitis B
- Cause: HBV - Hepadnaviridae
- Transmission: Sexual contact, blood
- Incubation period: 60 to 90 days
- Disease course: Can be acute, chronic, or fulminant; or asymptomatic carrier
- Symptoms: Similar to HAV infections
- Markers: HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), HBeAg (Hepatitis Be antigen), HBcAb (Hepatitis B core antibody), HBeAb (Hepatitis Be antibody), HBsAb (Hepatitis B surface antibody); order of appearance tracked
- Prevention: Avoidance of high-risk behaviours, HBV vaccination
Hepatitis C
- Infection: Acute, chronic, or previous infection
- Detection: Recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) or molecular method
- Viral load testing: Used in blood/organ donor screening
- Genotyping: Determines optimal treatment
- Markers: HCV RNA, anti-HCV
- Other important factors: HDV (defective virus requires HBV), HEV (fecal-oral, self-limiting)
Hepatitis D
- Cause: Defective virus
- Requires HBV: For replication and expression
- Types: Co-infection with HBV, super-infection
- Markers: IgM anti-HDV, IgG anti-HDV, HDV RNA
- Associated risks: High mortality rate in pregnant women (20-25% due to complications)
Hepatitis E
- Transmission: Fecal-oral route
- Incubation period: 2-6 weeks
- Common symptoms: Often silent, all genotypes cause acute hepatitis with indistinguishable symptoms from other hepatitis types
Hepatitis Virus Summary
- Disease: Inflammation of the liver
- Types: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV
- Transmission: Fecal-oral, blood-borne, sexual contact
- Markers: Antibody levels, specific antigens
- Diagnosis: Liver function tests, serological markers, viral load
- Prevention: Vaccination, avoidance of high-risk behaviors, safe practices
HIV
- Types: HIV-1 (Clades M, N, O), HIV-2 (Subtypes A-E)
- Transmission: Sexual contact, blood and body fluids, perinatal
- Symptoms: Initial flu-like symptoms, followed by an asymptomatic period; opportunistic infections may manifest later.
- Diagnosis: ELISA, rapid tests, western blot, HIV-1 viral load, CD4 T-cell counts.
- Viral Load: HIV RNA in the blood.
- CD4 count: Shows how CD4 cells have been affected; used to monitor progress.
- Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy (ART).
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Description
This quiz covers essential information about Hepatitis A and B, including their causes, transmission methods, incubation periods, and prevention strategies. It also highlights the diagnostic markers and disease characteristics of both viruses, providing a comprehensive overview for students and healthcare professionals.
