Hepatic Diagnostic Tests Overview
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Questions and Answers

A patient with cirrhosis is being treated with lactulose. Which of the following indicates the medication is having the desired effect?

  • Decreased serum ammonia levels and improved mental status. (correct)
  • Decreased flatus and bloating.
  • Decreased bowel movements and abdominal distension.
  • Increased serum ammonia levels and confusion.

    • A patient with esophageal varices is prescribed to avoid certain medications. Which medication should the nurse educate the patient to avoid?

  • Stool softeners.
  • Acetaminophen.
  • Antacids.
  • Aspirin. (correct)

    • A patient with ascites is scheduled for a paracentesis. Which nursing intervention is most important prior to the procedure?

  • Ensuring the patient has an empty bladder. (correct)
  • Placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position.
  • Withholding all oral fluids.
  • Administering a Fleet enema.

    • A patient with cirrhosis develops hepatic encephalopathy. Which dietary modification is most appropriate for this patient?

    <p>Low-sodium, low-animal-protein diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following a paracentesis, a patient exhibits signs of hypovolemia. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

    <p>Administering intravenous albumin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment finding is most indicative of hepatorenal syndrome in a patient with cirrhosis?

    <p>Oliguria and azotemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis has a distended abdomen due to ascites. What nursing intervention will assist in monitoring the progression of the ascites?

    <p>Measure the patient's abdominal girth daily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the acute phase of Hepatitis A, what symptoms might the nurse assess?

    <p>Malaise, anorexia, and fatigue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with liver failure develops asterixis. How should the nurse assess for it.

    <p>Observe for a tremor of the hands when the wrist is extended. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a balloon tamponade in managing bleeding esophageal varices?

    <p>To apply direct pressure to the varices to stop bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is LEAST likely to be associated with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Decreased serum bilirubin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which dietary modification is most appropriate for managing this complication?

    <p>Low-sodium diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a patient reports significant shoulder pain. What is the MOST appropriate nursing intervention?

    <p>Encourage ambulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessment findings is MOST indicative of hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhosis?

    <p>Asterixis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with chronic pancreatitis is prescribed pancrelipase. What should the nurse include in patient education regarding this medication?

    <p>Take the medication with meals and snacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cholelithiasis develops jaundice and reports dark, tea-colored urine. What physiological process MOST likely explains these findings?

    <p>Obstruction of the common bile duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is scheduled for an ERCP. Which allergy is of MOST concern to report to the provider before the procedure?

    <p>Iodine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with acute pancreatitis is NPO. Which intervention is MOST important to manage during this time?

    <p>Assessing for signs of hypocalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis is at risk for bleeding esophageal varices. Which medication is MOST likely prescribed to prevent this complication?

    <p>Beta-blocker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST significant risk factor for developing pigment gallstones?

    <p>Chronic hemolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient recovering from a cholecystectomy asks about dietary changes. Which recommendation is BEST for the nurse to provide?

    <p>Maintain a low-fat diet for several weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is MOST important after a liver biopsy to prevent complications?

    <p>Positioning the patient on the right side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with acute pancreatitis develops Turner's sign. What does this clinical finding indicate?

    <p>Retroperitoneal hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of serum lab values BEST indicates the diagnostic of acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Increased amylase, increased lipase, decreased calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is UNLIKELY to be found in a pateint with cirrhosis?

    <p>Weight gain and increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis is newly diagnosed with portal hypertension. What pathophysiological process MOST directly contributes to this condition?

    <p>Decreased hepatic blood flow due to structural changes in the liver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with esophageal varices experiences a sudden hemorrhage. After initial stabilization, which intervention is MOST crucial in preventing re-bleeding?

    <p>Administering a non-selective beta-blocker, such as propranolol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with ascites is undergoing a paracentesis. Following the procedure, the nurse should monitor for which of the following complications that indicates excessive fluid removal?

    <p>Hypotension and increased heart rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with hepatic encephalopathy is started on lactulose. What assessment finding would indicate the medication is having a therapeutic effect?

    <p>Improved orientation and mental clarity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis develops hepatorenal syndrome. Which combination of assessment findings is MOST indicative of this complication?

    <p>Oliguria, elevated serum creatinine, and intractable ascites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with hepatic encephalopathy is prescribed a diet low in animal protein. What is the rationale behind this dietary restriction?

    <p>To minimize the production of ammonia from protein breakdown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the convalescent phase of Hepatitis A, which nursing intervention is MOST important for promoting recovery?

    <p>Promoting rest and balanced nutrition to support liver regeneration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis is being discharged. Which of the following instructions is MOST important to include in the discharge teaching to prevent complications?

    <p>Avoid alcohol and NSAIDs to prevent further liver damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nurse is caring for a patient with cirrhosis who has developed splenomegaly. What is the PRIMARY hematological risk associated with this condition?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia due to increased platelet destruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis and ascites is prescribed spironolactone. What electrolyte imbalance is the nurse MOST concerned about monitoring?

    <p>Hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cholelithiasis presents with right upper quadrant pain, nausea, and vomiting after consuming a high-fat meal. Which diagnostic test would be MOST appropriate to initially confirm the diagnosis?

    <p>Abdominal ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is recovering from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Which of the following instructions should the nurse prioritize in discharge teaching to address the MOST common post-operative discomfort?

    <p>Ambulate frequently to help dissipate gas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient admitted with acute pancreatitis has been NPO for several days. Which assessment finding would indicate the MOST concerning complication related to this prolonged period of NPO status?

    <p>Potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with chronic pancreatitis reports persistent, greasy stools despite following a low-fat diet. Which intervention should the nurse anticipate the provider will order to address this issue?

    <p>Initiating pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis develops new-onsite ascites and peripheral edema. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms MOST directly contributes to these findings?

    <p>Portal hypertension and decreased oncotic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which pre-procedure laboratory value is MOST critical for the nurse to assess and report to the provider BEFORE the procedure?

    <p>Platelet count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment finding would MOST strongly suggest the development of hypocalcemia in a patient with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a history of excessive alcohol use is admitted with cirrhosis. The nurse notes the patient is confused and has impaired motor function. Which intervention is MOST important to include in the plan of care?

    <p>Implement safety precautions to prevent falls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. The nurse understands that this complication is primarily a result of which of the processes?

    <p>Portal hypertension causing blood to back up into the esophageal veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with chronic pancreatitis is being discharged. Which dietary instruction is MOST important for the nurse to emphasize to the patient?

    <p>Avoid alcohol and limit fat intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient underwent an ERCP for the removal of a common bile duct stone. Post-procedure, the patient reports new-onset abdominal pain and distension. Which complication does this MOST likely indicate?

    <p>Perforation or pancreatitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with acute pancreatitis is experiencing severe abdominal pain. What is the MOST appropriate initial nursing intervention to manage this pain?

    <p>Maintain NPO status and administer IV analgesics as prescribed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST important nursing consideration when caring for a patient following a liver biopsy?

    <p>Assessing for signs of bleeding at the puncture site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cirrhosis is experiencing pruritus. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to provide relief?

    <p>Applying lotion to the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with cholelithiasis develops jaundice and reports dark, tea-colored urine. The nurse correlates these findings to which of the following?

    <p>Increased bilirubin in the bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

    A test that includes measurements of various substances in the blood to assess metabolic function.

    Liver Function Tests

    Tests that measure substances like ALT, AST, and bilirubin to evaluate liver health.

    Hepatitis Panel

    A set of blood tests to identify Hepatitis A, B, and C infections.

    Cholelithiasis

    The presence of stones in the gallbladder, often asymptomatic.

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    Clinical Manifestations of Cholelithiasis

    Symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, and changes in urine/stool color.

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    Cholecystectomy

    Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

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    Acute Pancreatitis

    Sudden inflammation of the pancreas, often from alcohol or gallstones.

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    Chronic Pancreatitis

    Progressive inflammation leading to permanent damage to the pancreas.

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    Cirrhosis

    Chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and impaired function.

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    Common Complications of Cirrhosis

    Includes hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and jaundice.

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    Diagnostic Tests for Pancreatitis

    Includes increased serum lipase and amylase levels.

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    Post-Procedure Care

    Care after liver procedures includes monitoring vital signs and assessing for complications.

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    Bile Duct Obstruction

    Blockage of the bile duct, leading to jaundice and clay-colored stools.

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    Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis

    Includes obesity, female gender, high-fat diet, and older age.

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    Nursing Diagnosis for Cirrhosis

    Includes imbalanced nutrition and impaired skin integrity.

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    Portal Hypertension

    Increased venous pressure in the portal circulation, leading to complications like varices and ascites.

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    Hepatic Encephalopathy

    Neuropsychiatric disorder due to elevated serum ammonia levels, causing cognitive impairment.

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    Hepatorenal Syndrome

    Functional renal failure associated with severe liver disease, leading to oliguria and azotemia.

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    Esophageal Varices

    Dilated veins in the lower esophagus that can bleed, posing a life-threatening risk in cirrhosis.

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    Ascites

    Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often related to liver disease.

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    Lactulose

    A medication that decreases serum ammonia by promoting its excretion through stool.

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    Diet for Liver Disease

    High carb, low fat, low sodium, and low protein diet to manage liver conditions and related symptoms.

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    Signs of Hepatitis

    Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, fatigue, and potentially jaundice; can be viral or other causes.

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    Diagnostic Studies for Hepatitis

    Includes tests such as AST, ALT, serum bilirubin, and hepatitis panel to assess liver function.

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    Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy

    Includes antibiotics, lactulose, and dietary modifications to reduce ammonia levels.

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    ERCP

    Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography, a procedure for examining bile ducts.

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    Pre-procedure Care

    Preparations needed before liver procedures including NPO status and consent.

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    Bowel Prep

    Preparation involving fasting and cleansing before procedures like ERCP.

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    Cholecystitis

    Inflammation of the gallbladder, often linked to gallstones.

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    Pancreatitis Causes

    Commonly due to alcohol, gallstones, or trauma affecting the pancreas.

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    Turner’s Sign

    Blue discoloration on the sides indicating hemoperitoneum or pancreatitis.

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    Cullen’s Sign

    Periumbilical bruising indicating internal bleeding or pancreatitis.

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    Fatty Stools

    Steatorrhea, indicating undigested fats due to pancreatic insufficiency.

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    Serum Lipase

    An enzyme that rises in cases of acute pancreatitis, indicating pancreatic damage.

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    Acute Pancreatitis Symptoms

    Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice.

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    Chronic Pancreatitis Management

    Includes dietary changes, pain relief, and possibly surgery for obstruction.

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    Biliary Colic

    Pain associated with gallbladder stones that come and go, often referred to the shoulder.

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    Nutritional Needs in Cirrhosis

    Focus on managing intake to prevent malnutrition due to liver dysfunction.

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    Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency

    Liver disease can lead to deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, and K.

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    Nutrition for Liver Disease

    Diet recommendations include high carbs, low fat, low protein; low sodium for ascites.

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    Management of Esophageal Varices

    Involves stabilizing patients, managing airway, and possibly using balloon tamponade.

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    Floating Abdomen Marking

    Daily monitoring of abdominal girth is essential for managing ascites.

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    Asterixis

    A flapping tremor seen in hepatic encephalopathy indicating neurological distress.

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    Study Notes

    Hepatic Diagnostic Tests

    • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel: Includes albumin, total bilirubin, chloride, potassium, alkaline phosphatase (Alk phos), creatinine/BUN, sodium, ALT/AST, CO2, glucose, and total protein.
    • Liver Function Tests: Measure total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and albumin.
    • Hepatitis Panel: Tests for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis B antibody, IgM, Hepatitis C antibody.
    • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure for visualizing the bile and pancreatic ducts.
    • Liver Biopsy: A tissue sample of the liver for examination.

    Pre-procedure Care for Diagnostic Procedures

    • Bowel Prep: NPO (nothing by mouth), cleansing laxatives, and enemas are used.
    • Allergies/Sensitivities: Known allergies, particularly to iodine, are documented.
    • Consent: Informed consent is obtained.
    • IV Access: IV access is established.

    Post-procedure Care

    • Post-procedure fasting: No food or liquids until gag reflex (or bowel sounds if longer than 24 hours) returns.
    • Vital Signs Monitoring: Vital signs taken every 15 minutes for the first hour, every 30 minutes for the next hour, and hourly for the next 2 hours.
    • Complications: Monitor for bleeding, infection, or respiratory depression.

    Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

    • Definition: Stones in the gallbladder, the most common biliary system disorder.
    • Pathophysiology: Pigment stones (10-25%) and cholesterol stones are common types. Stones do not always require removal.
    • Risk Factors: Obesity, female gender, high-fat diet, genetics, age, and diabetes ("Fat, Forty, Female").
    • Clinical Manifestations: Pain (biliary colic – squeezing and releasing pain), jaundice, itching (pruritis - due to uremic frost), dark urine (tea-colored), light-colored stools (clay-colored), vitamin deficiencies, pain under the rib cage, referred pain to the scapula.
    • Diagnostics: Ultrasound (rapid and accurate), abdominal X-rays (rarely show stones), ERCP.
    • Blood Chemistry Findings: Increased white blood cells (WBCs), bilirubin, AST, LDH, ALP, and cholesterol (over 200mg/dL).
    • Medical Management: Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), dietary management (low-fat, low-cholesterol diet).
    • Nursing Care: Focus on post-operative pain management, early ambulation (to decrease gas pain), and respiratory support (cough and deep breathing).
    • Patient Education: Importance of reporting temperature above 100.5°F, drainage, wound care with soap and water, a bland diet for 7-10 days, incentive spirometer, and reporting any wound openings.

    Cholecystitis

    • Definition: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with gallstones.
    • Management: Often includes cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder). Can be medication or diet induced.

    Acute Pancreatitis

    • Causes: Alcohol abuse (men), gallstones (women), bacterial/viral infection, trauma (car accidents), drug toxicities, smoking, and idiopathic.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain (severe, deep, piercing; often aggravated by eating), radiating pain to the back/lower back, mild epigastric/ LUQ pain, Fever, Jaundice, hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, crackles, Turner's sign (blue discoloration on flanks, especially on the left), Cullen's sign (blue/gray periumbilical discoloration), decreased/absent bowel sounds, dry skin, shock. Risk for intravascular damage related to trypsin.
    • Diagnostics: Increased serum and urine amylase, increased serum lipase, decreased serum calcium, increased serum bilirubin, increased WBCs, increased blood glucose (insulin production impaired). CT scan, ERCP, and abdominal ultrasound are diagnostic procedures.
    • Management: Preventing and alleviating shock, reducing pancreatic secretions (NG tube with low wall suction, NPO status), correcting fluid/electrolyte imbalances, removing the cause, IV fluids and antibiotics. Important aspects include NO oral medications (PO), incentive spirometer, and a gradual advancement in diet (clear liquids after 24-48hrs, then bland, easily digested food). Avoidance of scratching and a low-fat diet; small, frequent feedings (5-6 per day).
    • Patient Education: Gradual advancement in diet, high carb, low-fat diet, low protein, keeping a diary of symptoms and deviations from baseline.

    Chronic Pancreatitis

    • Definition: Progressive destruction of the pancreas.
    • Causes: Alcohol abuse, gallstones, pseudocysts, and acute pancreatitis.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Dull, achy abdominal pain, steatorrhea (fatty stools), distinct odor, nausea/vomiting, weight loss.
    • Diagnostics: ERCP, MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound are commonly used.
    • Management: Nonopioid pain medications, pancreatic enzyme replacement with bile salts, PPIs/H2 blockers, low-fat, bland diet, avoidance of alcohol, smoking, small frequent meals. Surgical management may be needed in cases of biliary disease or obstruction/pseudocysts.
    • Pancreatic enzymes (e.g., pancrelipase): Replacement therapy taken with meals to improve nutritional status/reduce fatty stools; side effects include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps.
    • Nursing management includes chronic care and health management, antacids after meals and at bedtime, reporting symptoms, and keeping a symptom diary; absolutely no alcohol.

    Cirrhosis

    • Definition: Chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by scarring and fibrosis of the liver; extensive parenchymal cell degeneration, destruction of parenchymal cells.
    • Causes: Alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, malnutrition, hepatitis infection, Gallbladder disease, Hepatitis, pancreatitis.
    • Etiology/Pathophysiology: Excessive alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, malnutrition, genetic complication of hepatitis are underlying causes.
    • Early manifestations: GI disturbances (anorexia, dyspepsia, changes in bowel habits, flatulence, nausea, vomiting), abdominal pain (Chronic achy/uncomfortable), fever, lassitude (physical/mental weariness), enlarged liver/spleen.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Neuro (hepatic encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, asterixis), Integumentary (jaundice, spider angiomas, palmar erythema, purpura, petechiae, caput medusae), Hematological (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, coagulation disorders), Metabolic (hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia), Cardiovascular (fluid retention, peripheral edema, ascites), GI (anorexia, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, bowel habit changes, dull abdominal pain, esophageal/gastric varices, hematemesis, hemorrhoidal varices), and Reproductive (amenorrhea, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, impotence).
    • Nursing Diagnosis: Imbalanced nutrition, impaired skin integrity, ineffective breathing pattern, excess fluid volume, alcoholism.
    • Complications: Portal hypertension (increased venous pressure, esophageal and gastric varices, peripheral edema, ascites, splenomegaly, large collateral veins, systemic hypertension), hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome.
    • Collaborative Care: Vitamin B-complex administration (banana bag every 24 hrs), alcohol avoidance (avoid aspirin, acetaminophen, NSAIDS), management of ascites, prevention/management of esophageal varices and encephalopathy, monitor for hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance, bleeding/ leakage, respiratory status, and electrolyte disturbances.
    • Nutrition: For pt w/o complications high calorie, high carb, low fat, low protein; Low sodium diet for ascites/edema.
    • Nursing Interventions: Accurate I&O, daily weights, abdominal girth and extremity measurements, paracentesis, monitor dressing post procedure for bleeding/leakage, check respiratory status frequently, monitor for electrolyte disturbances, High fowlers/side of bed, monitor pt. for hypovolemia, monitor pt.s I'os and output, monitor closely for neuro s/s.
    • Peritoneovenous shunt: Continuous reinfusion of ascitic fluid from the vena cava; not first-line therapy; complications include thrombosis, infection, fluid overload.

    Lactulose

    • Action: Inhibits intestinal ammonia production, decreasing serum ammonia levels.
    • Expected Outcome: Decreased serum ammonia, improved mental status, increased bowel movements (resulting in diarrhea).
    • Side Effects: Diarrhea, increased bowel sounds, flatulence, bloating. Do not stop or hold the dose (NH4 is excreted through stool).

    Esophageal Varices

    • Definition: Abnormally dilated, enlarged, and tortuous veins in the lower esophagus.
    • Complications: Bleeding is a life-threatening complication of cirrhosis.
    • Management: Stabilize the patient, manage the airway, provide IV therapy, 1:1 nursing care, balloon tamponade (NG suction, semi-Fowler's position, oral/nasal care to control hemorrhage by compressing the varices). Avoid alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDs. Watch for irritants to prevent bleeding

    Ascites

    • Management: Daily weight, daily abdominal girth measurement, High-carb, low-sodium diet (<2g/day), diuretics, and paracentesis (temporary).

    Hepatorenal Syndrome

    • Definition: Serious complication of cirrhosis causing functional renal failure. Characterized by azotemia (high urea and creatinine), oliguria (<30 mL/hr urine output), and intractable ascites.

    Hepatic Encephalopathy

    • Definition: Neuropsychiatric manifestations from elevated serum ammonia levels (>49). Neurological status declines as ammonia levels rise.
    • Clinical Manifestations: Asterixis (flapping hand tremor), Fetor hepaticus (musty/sweaty breath odor), changes in neuro/mental status (sleep disturbance to coma).
    • Treatment: Antibiotics, lactulose, cathartics/enema.

    Hepatitis

    • Definition: Inflammation of the liver, commonly caused by viral infections (Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G), and other factors such as drugs, alcohol, chemicals, autoimmune disease, metabolic abnormalities, and bacteria. Viral hepatitis is the most common type.
    • Clinical Manifestations (Acute): Malaise, anorexia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, low-grade fever, arthralgia, skin rashes; possible hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly. Lasts 1-4 months. Usually asymptomatic.
    • Clinical Manifestations (Convalescent): Begins as jaundice is disappearing, lasts weeks to months; symptoms are primarily malaise and easy fatigability.
    • Clinical Manifestations (Chronic): May be asymptomatic until severe liver damage appears.
    • Diagnostic Studies: Physical examination (liver tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly), lab tests (AST, ALT, serum bilirubin, urinary bilirubin, prothrombin time, and hepatitis panel).

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    Description

    This quiz covers various hepatic diagnostic tests, including the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Liver Function Tests, Hepatitis Panel, ERCP, and Liver Biopsy. It also addresses pre-procedure care, such as bowel preparation and consent requirements. Test your knowledge of these essential liver assessments and procedures.

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