Henry VIII Foreign Policy (1509-1547)

• Henry VIII aimed to emulate a "Renaissance Prince," wielding influence on the European stage and securing dynastic and national stability.
• He sought to gain territory in France and maintain good relations with traditional allies, particularly the Netherlands.

Early Foreign Engagements (1510-1518)

• The Treaty of Etaples was renewed in 1510, following the advice of trusted ministers.
• England engaged in war with France at the request of the Pope and the Holy League.
• An invasion of Gascony took place in 1512.
• Henry VIII secured a victory at the Battle of the Spurs in 1513, capturing Tournai and Therouanne.
• The Battle of Marignano in 1515 resulted in a significant win for the French against Imperial forces.

Diplomatic Efforts (1518-1521)

• Henry aimed to position England at the heart of European peace negotiations.
• The Treaty of London in 1518, initiated by papal calls for a crusade against Turkish incursions in Italy, evolved into a treaty of perpetual peace.
• Wolsey transformed the Treaty of London into a "Treaty of Universal Peace," emphasizing Anglo-French cooperation and involving major European powers in a collective security arrangement.
• The Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 was a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I to foster Anglo-French amity through sports and festivities.
• Henry held meetings with Charles, the newly-elected emperor, in Kent and the Netherlands to strengthen alliances.

Renewed Conflict with France (1521-1525)

• England allied with the Empire in a renewed war against France.
• The Treaty of Bruges in 1521 formalized the alliance between Henry VIII and Charles V, leading to English military commitments against France.
• English forces launched invasions of France in 1522 and 1523.
• Imperial support was lacking which hampered English efforts.
• The Battle of Pavia in 1525 resulted in a crushing defeat for the French army by Imperial forces.
• Henry contemplated a partition of France but couldn't secure the necessary funds due to the Amicable Grant backlash.

Shift to Peacemaking (1525-1529)

• The Treaty of the More in 1525 fostered amity between England and the French regent.
• England helped establish and finance the League of Cognac.
• The League of Cognac was to reduce Imperial influence.
• Rome was sacked in 1527.
• The Treaty of Cambrai excluded England.

Sources of Wolsey's Power

• Wolsey's power came from being the most important churchman in England (Cardinal and Papal Legate).
• Also from heading the legal system as Lord Chancellor.
• He was supported by the King.
• Key components of his power included wealth, the ability to distribute land and positions, a large network of clients, and access to both secular and ecclesiastical legal systems.
• Wolsey maintained Henry's goodwill by ensuring domestic peace and facilitating his foreign policy.
• By the mid-1520s, ambassadors and foreign rulers were directly contacting Wolsey rather than the king.

The Career of Thomas Wolsey

• Born in Ipswich, potentially in 1472.
• Wolsey became a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and was ordained as a priest in 1498.
• He obtained benefices and chaplaincies to prominent figures and served as chaplain to Henry VII.
• Wolsey was appointed Almoner to Henry VIII in November 1509 and joined the Council in 1510.
• As Bishop of Lincoln in 1514, he greatly increased his status, followed by his translation to Archbishop of York later that year.
• In 1515, Wolsey was appointed Cardinal.
• He was appointed Lord Chancellor in December 1515 and Cardinal Legate later on.
• Wolsey gifted Hampton Court to the king in 1525.
• The Amicable Grant rising was put down in May 1525, and the grant withdrawn soon after.
• Charles V repudiated the Treaty of Windsor in June 1525.
• In May 1526, England nominally joined the League of Cognac.
• Henry VIII announced his intention to seek annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in June 1527.
• The Pope granted commission jointly to Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggio to examine the case for divorce in April 1528.
• The legatine court sat at Blackfriars in March 1529.
• Campeggio suspended the sitting in July 1529, and Wolsey was indicted for praemunire in October.
• Wolsey resigned as Lord Chancellor in October 1529.
• He was arrested for treason and died in November 1530.

Wolsey’s Use of Power

• Wolsey moved the government into his own household, streamlining operations since Henry wasn't interested in the vast majority of government business.
• As cardinal legate and Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor blurred the boundaries between Church and State.
• Wolsey used his position to indict, investigate, and pass sentence in the Court of Chancery and Star Chamber.

Examples of Wolsey’s Legal Actions

• Sir Robert Sheffield, who opposed Wolsey’s requests for supply, was convicted and fined.
• The Earl of Northumberland was sent to the Tower for illegal retaining, and forced to punish retainers challenging Wolsey’s authority.
• The Duke of Buckingham was executed for illegal retaining in 1521.
• Sir Amyas Paulet was financially ruined after being summoned to appear before Wolsey and made to wait for years, allegedly for imprisoning Wolsey in the stocks when Wolsey was young.
• Wolsey acted against enclosures made by political opponents.

Purge of the Mignons and the Eltham Ordinances

• The purge of Henry VIII’s Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, the mignons, was initiated in 1519 for various reasons, including disrepute, gambling influence, or removing political rivals.
• The Eltham Ordinances in 1526 aimed to reform the Council and Household, possibly limiting Wolsey’s power.

Wolsey and Church

• Wolsey's abuse of power laid the church open to the Break with Rome
• The day in the life of Wolsey: description

Thomas Wolsey: ‘Purge of the Mignons’ and ‘Eltham Ordinances’

• The 1518 Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber was a formal role-Henry started to move away from friendships, because they are unbecoming
• Wolsey got the blame for the 1519 purge
• The Eltham Ordinances were issued as a set of rules post failure of amicable grant
• Historians interpret Henry reasserting his authority, Wolsey's rivals limited his power or Wolsey reasserted grip on power.

Wolsey’s Use of the Legal System

• Wolsey was the head of the English legal system
• The Sheffield Case resulted in the speaker for the 1512 houses of parliament opposed Wolsey’s requests for supply and was later sentenced to the tower
• The Northumberland case happened when Northumberland didn't have enough power to control own army-Wolsey steps in to punish his men?
• The Buckingham case was the conclusion fo Buckingham building palac and spoke openly about royal blood leading to arrested tried and executed for illegal retaining
• The Paulet case shows that the Lord Chancellor would hold a person and ruin financially for imprisoning him when young.
• Wolsey put out a public requests for case of illegal enclosure-but courts were swma[ed chaotic way as not effective or it was political.

Wolsey and Finance Management

• Wolsey had the task of providing the king with money, and whilst limited in what he could do, he introduced Subsidy that changed when the government grants the tax. Parliament had roles of passing legislation, providing messgaes and finding out information from localities

Elton Thesis

• Every reorganization that happened led to better definition, specializiation, or bureaucratic order
• Loades debated if Cromweell was interested in being efficient or had a system he can control himself-but does not view the time it came into effect a significant consideration as he sees circumstances if mid 30s being force and in 1536 augmentations set up by state-membership, function and authority' was defined by statute
• Fiannace was administer through six cours (court) or department of state, each had their own area of experitse or specialzed officials-there was exchequer, augmentatiosn (1536), first fruits and tenths 9154),lancaster, general suryeours (1535/1542), and wards and liveries (154042).

Territory

• 1536: the 'Act of Union' was made(also in 1543)-laws started to impose and replace on written Enflish law. Knoghts and burgesses would ve elected to Westminster parliament-this was in fabour Elton thesis idea-region variants being ironed out
• 1541: Ireland becomes a kingdom and palocy had surrended-no significant changes-Cromwll tried to brinf Ieland under power but no one could using Own Parliament-(15355-7)
• 1563: Appontiment JPs and law would be enfoeced as elsehwee un Englad- Elton thsis as regional vatriatiosn beign ironned out with 1543 onwards.
• Lastcester had the king Duke and was not enxempt from Taxiso, and Durham Was removed of its franchise ( break with ROme) - in 1537 wake pilgrimage of grave -council Nort sett guv on 5 norther counties.
• Calis was repreented ontwo burgesesses in Parl - channels Isi garnsiied by Elgish and control - autonoumous effect and there was no thought national apart weakners Esslt threis that ooccuring reaction apart flro almws.

Attack on Church (1529-1536)

• Nov-Dec 1592- first metting on Parliament( until 1536) -heby ask parliament and fe passed laws , but show strog pop feelinfs to put presson as in allmwnent grasntted as henry could coll off docs
• Cromel wAS a member of council -1530, cleric Eng Wales charge , but in 135 the 100,000 buys - Clerjy accepts supreme head chirist legerm
• The parilrment opinion on unis reafing divisce sent of to Prarmekn
• In 1532 Act was to stop money if. placing Prssuw Pope and surplicatio agisnsr orgianl
• Dec 1531- crooel innerc criclf king as eunsta chapys inverstiag
• In spring of 1532 Act in cndituao, Retraisnt of Annstew and surmisssion by cercy followed as Act pardoning the clergy of 1534-gaps to suggest Henry rubber stamp action
• In August 1552 the Dear Warham Canterbury - appoinmt of crams scholae Royal chaplaiin
• The september 1532 Anne Boleyn as maequess
• In ocvber 1532 Henry and Annee go to Calis - meet Frcnais 1

Anne Boleyn

• Mairrage to henry happens
• 2s. 1 1533- Anne and Henry marry-can be dated by Cramwesletter april. Katherine is Sstil queen
• Macrh 1533-Act in Retransint appeals , but in 1553 Cath is that the may no lonfer trm herself queen
• Cranerm als the marraied Henry at 1522- jume Annen is cormwed - visibbly pregannnt- setp born Eliza

Acts 1534

• hersey
• Act the sunmisson cercy
• Act ansta
• act dis
• Act success

November 1534

• Act supremacy
• trason

Anniversry of Henry

• Act Extengusih autorutj bishop Rome
• Act Treason was supermacy - by words

Opposoaion

• cathee arofj afd pnciey Mary - cath was more figure but died retaliation, but
• Srepated ater ammul, - catherine lived in meafe, 1536- 1545- Mary illegt - avat a court forc d
• John Foshur- human bishops scholar Iternattion Reputaiton- Key pount desfen tradtianl papal Oower, pope DID havw power compectnce isseu
• Tom Moore- Iternat rap as scholars, author triptia-reissgn 1532- guuktr the supersmcy s- tecnhality- juoly 1545 esxc
• Elitebabveth Barfotn as a reputation for preophetj- Supp b estb relic Fuge
• Thw obserant Frna- ceetrews Loedon acctaeud 1534-carshuis more trickcy

Anne Boleyn

• Why annule and elligitmiised liz. why not malw heir and had run out of patiensr with amne wantwd marry

Sourse A - CHRo of 1534

• Jan cath died
• Anee hadmis
• Commission into Anne
• Arresr smetaton C musiciasn
• arrys Nrross - close - Courites
• Arresi abnd Roch. Btorther a
• ARREESST wes

Suorc b

• Hwng wrote Anne 1528 feelis genniwn

Suct c

• Hwng atetr mis caeeed, i see not giev male - speaki tones

Soiec d

• Hwng death - rsk edn, i see not giev male - speaki tones

Sources e

• Acrhrshop crmer wirts e, 1535 if rrepotr truw = was amazzed for i ad berter women I wash ound creartu

Suorce f

• His view foetud was deform- sder- anne bith sapelss

Surcee g

• New cath death Londion yellow - mass

Suorce h

• Annee ad man eendies- esp

Sousre l

• Anne aumn as 1335 had detor - thib and old won- not dleicrm - exewciced more auhtotu

Suct j

• Chan heard nems mis car - seduccded windscaft - The LADY ellknwo on agnwe hi
• theweas enndy for ateldy wiht mptile eesrn to the downfsalll

Foreign Policy

• Main asim were renniaince , France, sectuity imp
• trearu reewwal
• spurs - twn tour
• treato Lon uni peace lesd world Field clot gold dip met
• Trea bru allan e/char vs face
• Battle paris charles 1 face, but amiacel and refused hwnru
• Traey more
• league cog ant What the pact sac
• pope charles pris trwat camba enl inclu

wolser polay depon ace

heng froign poay to mnow power treary eenwich scot roigh scoto tray ard retye ctowell play blanace holy rome fran hewg toresive military gloy dynasty

tom wolse roise to power by talent and Henry favour

wolsh chruh acrhoys 918 legatee gained Henry secur fubs d tew was repuy amign nsob reesbtwnwd bground infnlu by not born wan age econ sibsidy econ wolce role streng chamber

• wolcer fall asd alls lost d

oposoitioan break roma more ficher

• rixher execut refisimg hwnrua roke fisher oppoed
• Eli,abeth bafyton the maid agansit harey Anen ex polgrmacde grace rebellio polcgrkna denand autotit henrut resdno pilgirmage 91s a yppsit fall use repto supressesw

elton trehs and gornerntne reffrom what elto thsis d kwe emelments cormel grew buea how pricy cilm d, bure what finansicla ceon created neq finc Wta he rlmprt elotd trehs by