Henry VIII and the English Reformation

Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church, starting in the 1520s, due to his desire for a male heir.

The act that declared all legal disputes in England should be decided by English courts, not the Pope. It marked the beginning of England's separation from Rome.

This Act declared King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England, severing ties with Rome.

The closure and destruction of monasteries in England from 1536–1541. It was a major blow to the Catholic Church's power and wealth.

Edward VI, Henry VIII's son, was a devout Protestant who furthered the Reformation in England.

A prayer book written in English, introduced under Edward VI, that replaced the Latin Mass. It made religious services more accessible to the people.

A key change under Edward VI, it ensured English services were conducted in English, making religion accessible to the masses.

The impact of the English Reformation was far-reaching, changing England's religion, political landscape, and cultural practices.

Oliver Cromwell was a military leader who led the Parliamentarian forces to victory in the English Civil War, resulting in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth was a republic established in England after the execution of Charles I. Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector during this period.

Cromwell's rule was marked by strict Puritan laws, military authoritarianism, and expansion of English influence.

The Restoration marked the return of the monarchy to England in 1660 under Charles II, ending the Commonwealth.

The English Civil War and Cromwell's rule had a lasting impact on England, leading to the strengthening of parliamentary power and the development of constitutional monarchy.

The Thirty-Nine Articles, adopted in 1563, were a series of statements that defined the fundamental doctrines of the Church of England. They established a distinct Protestant identity, rejecting papal authority and emphasizing justification by faith alone.

Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, reigned from 1553-1558, seeking to restore Catholicism to England. During her reign, she reversed many of the Protestant changes implemented by her predecessors.

The period of 1555-1558 saw the execution of over 280 Protestants in England under Queen Mary I, who sought to reestablish Catholicism. This time became known as the Marian Burnings, earning Mary the moniker "Bloody Mary."

This act, reestablished by Elizabeth I in 1559, declared her as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, asserting royal authority over religious matters. This move reinforced a distinctly English Protestant identity.

These articles, drawn up in 1553 during Edward VI's reign, aimed to establish Protestant doctrine, though Edward's early death prevented their full implementation. They laid the groundwork for future Protestant reforms in England.

This act, enforced in 1559 by Elizabeth I, mandated the attendance of all English subjects at Church of England services. This helped to solidify religious uniformity in England.

Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, reigned from 1558 to 1603, establishing a middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism to promote religious peace in England. This religious settlement, as it came to be known, defined the English Church for the rest of the century.

Elizabeth I's reign witnessed significant strides in overseas exploration, laying the foundation for the later British Empire. This period saw a number of notable figures like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Sir Walter Raleigh, a prominent figure during Elizabeth I's reign, played a key role in early English colonization efforts in America. He sponsored expeditions, including the ill-fated Roanoke Colony, which became known as the "Lost Colony."

Sir Francis Drake, a famous Elizabethan explorer, was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe in 1580. His raids on Spanish ships and settlements earned him national recognition and fame.

This 17th century conflict saw the monarch, King Charles I, facing off against Parliament. The war had multifaceted causes, including royal absolutism, religious tensions, and financial issues.

King Charles I believed in the divine right of kings, asserting absolute power. However, this belief conflicted with Parliament's desire for greater involvement in governance, leading to tensions.

Religious differences between Anglicans and Puritans played a significant role in igniting the conflict. Charles's attempt to impose uniformity in religious practices led to resistance.

The East India Company, established in 1600, initially focused on trade in Southeast Asia. However, it quickly shifted its focus towards India, setting up trading posts and establishing a foothold in the Indian Ocean.