Henry II and External Threats: A Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was Henry II's primary aim when addressing external threats from Wales, Scotland, and Ireland?

  • To conquer all three regions completely.
  • To establish beneficial alliances and neutralize threats. (correct)
  • To promote English culture in these regions.
  • To instigate rebellions among the nobles.
  • What was the outcome of Henry II's negotiation with Lord Rhys in 1171?

  • Henry was forced to abandon his claims in Wales.
  • Henry II achieved total control over Wales.
  • Rhys rebelled against Henry once again.
  • Rhys submitted to Henry's leadership and retained his territories. (correct)
  • How did the death of Owain impact Henry II's control in Wales?

  • It had no notable effect on Welsh politics.
  • It created an environment for improved diplomatic relations. (correct)
  • It led to a stronger rebellion against Henry II.
  • It weakened Henry's claim to leadership in Wales.
  • Which event demonstrated a fluctuation in Henry II's authority in Wales?

    <p>The conference at Woodstock in 1163. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of Henry II's control over Scotland by 1172?

    <p>His control was mostly over the Scottish king rather than the territory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did internal divisions among Welsh nobles play by 1170?

    <p>They diminished individual power and allowed for easier control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characterization best describes Henry II's overall control by 1172?

    <p>Limited control with significant reliance on alliances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Henry II's control in Ireland can be inferred from the content?

    <p>His control was more symbolic than practical. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contribution of Richard fitz Nigel in the context of financial procedures?

    <p>He wrote the 'Dialogue of the Exchequer' detailing financial procedures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reform was the first major legal reform during the reign of Henry II that reduced baronial power?

    <p>Assize of Clarendon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Pipe Rolls contribute to the effectiveness of Henry II's government?

    <p>They provided a systematic record of financial transactions every year. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an effect of the Assize of Northampton during Henry II's reign?

    <p>It centralized royal power and benefited royal revenue and justice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Inquest of Sheriffs established under Henry II?

    <p>It resulted in the replacement of many sheriffs due to abuse of power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect did Henry II's reforms introduce to the justice system?

    <p>Standardized processes that held everyone accountable under the law. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodology did Richard fitz Nigel use to address counter debasement in coinage?

    <p>He created a systematic approach outlined in the ‘Dialogue of the Exchequer’. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reforms aimed at standardizing legal procedures in England?

    <p>Assize of Clarendon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did professionalism play in the governance during Henry II's reign?

    <p>It created repeatable precedents that ensured accountability and consistency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the basis for the financial reforms implemented by Henry II?

    <p>Detailed records and systematic processes established by specialists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for Henry II's initial control over Scotland in 1172?

    <p>King David’s loyalty to Henry II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in 1169 was important for maintaining Henry II's control of the Vexin?

    <p>Treaty of Montmirail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the perception of Henry II's control in Ireland as temporary?

    <p>Strongbow’s authority was not centralized (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the underlying issues of Henry II's control over Scotland?

    <p>William the Lion's betrayal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a critical factor in Henry II’s diplomacy leading to his control over Brittany?

    <p>Marriage alliance through the betrothal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Henry II do to consolidate his power in Normandy?

    <p>Introduced the Exchequer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which military action highlighted Henry II's military prowess in Brittany in the 1156-1166 period?

    <p>Support for Conan against Eudo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of Henry II's absence from Ireland on his control?

    <p>It reduced his control significantly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which campaign demonstrated Henry II's military capability and thus his influence over Louis VII?

    <p>Toulouse campaign in 1159 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Henry II's reforms differ from his military strategies?

    <p>Focused on long-term stability and governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Henry II's military actions was often criticized for leading to instability?

    <p>-Use of force that fueled rebellions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the limitations of Henry II's military strength by 1172?

    <p>Dependence on vassals for local governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary outcome of the Assize of Northampton in 1176?

    <p>It increased royal power through standardised writs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the King's Bench established in 1178?

    <p>It was a court for the royal justices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of the Assize of Arms enacted in 1181?

    <p>It facilitated a national survey on weapon ownership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role did Richard de Lucy fulfill during Henry II's reign?

    <p>Sole Justiciar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant reform introduced by Bishop Nigel of Ely?

    <p>Twice yearly Exchequer court sessions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Thomas Becket contribute to Henry II's administration?

    <p>By significantly improving record keeping. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Book of Pleas achieve during Henry II's reforms?

    <p>Set precedents for royal judicial decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function did Richard Fitz Nigel serve in Henry II's government?

    <p>He was responsible for the Exchequer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the underlying aim of the reforms initiated by Henry II in his legal system?

    <p>To centralize justice under the crown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the impact of the Assize of Northampton?

    <p>It highlighted Henry II's control over the legal system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms faced by the Assize of Arms from the barons?

    <p>It restricted their ability to defend their lands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major area did the reforms under Henry II transform?

    <p>The judicial system, increasing royal authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Richard Fitz Nigel described as self-made?

    <p>He gained his position through merit and political skill. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Henry II’s major legal reforms that enhanced royal control over local governance?

    <p>The Assize of Clarendon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action taken by Henry II aimed to diminish the power of the barons?

    <p>Destruction of adulterine castles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Henry II's military strategies impact his reign?

    <p>They created a precedent against illegal castle constructions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the financial consequence of the increasing feudal rights during Henry II's reign?

    <p>Loyalty was fostered through financial obligations and penalties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry II's justice system reforms enhance his control as king?

    <p>Created a uniform justice system that held everyone accountable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant reform did Henry II implement regarding the role of sheriffs?

    <p>He replaced many sheriffs to prevent hereditary claims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflected a change in government under Henry II?

    <p>Increased emphasis on administrative record-keeping. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the Cartae Baronum of 1166 have on the feudal system?

    <p>It placed new obligations on barons to pledge loyalty directly to the king. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the inquest of the sheriffs initiated in 1170?

    <p>It emphasized the importance of regular oversight in sheriff roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The destruction of adulterine castles had which of the following effects?

    <p>It discouraged barons from illegal constructions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the strategic benefits of the king’s military campaigns against the barons?

    <p>They halved the number of earldoms, consolidating power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the overall nature of Henry II’s reforms?

    <p>They were a gradual evolution rather than a revolutionary change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the criticisms of Henry II’s military strategies?

    <p>They were too costly and unsustainable over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry II's government changes affect the relationship between landlords and vassals?

    <p>It established a system of defined rights and obligations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of governance did Ranulf de Glanvill contribute to during Henry II’s reign?

    <p>The creation of the first legal text in England. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of Henry II's strategies to maintain military strength during the Great Rebellion?

    <p>He fortified existing castles in 1173. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Louis VII’s role during the Great Rebellion of 1173-1174?

    <p>He underestimated Henry's military capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What financial consequence did Robert, Earl of Leicester, face during this period?

    <p>He was fined £333 for a breach of peace. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry II’s leadership influence his victory in the rebellion?

    <p>His leadership was fundamental in maintaining a strong support network. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What military failure is attributed to Henry the Younger during the rebellion?

    <p>He failed to capture Pacy and Gournay. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage did Henry II capitalize on when facing Louis VII?

    <p>Disunity among Louis VII's forces weakened their effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was instrumental in allowing Henry II to remain focused on his military efforts?

    <p>Richard de Lucy, his supporter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome resulted from Louis VII’s failure to capture Rouen?

    <p>Henry II exploited the situation to strengthen his position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable action did Henry II take before the Battle of Dol?

    <p>He led a successful campaign against the Brabanterine mercenaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant error made by William I during the rebellion?

    <p>He lacked sufficient siege equipment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant result of Thomas Becket's murder for his reputation?

    <p>He was canonized and recognized as a martyr and saint. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Henry II's primary demand concerning the clergy that conflicted with Becket?

    <p>Clergy should be tried under common law for crimes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Compromise of Avranches in 1172 primarily resulted in what for Becket's cause?

    <p>An increase in church autonomy regarding appeals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the long-term impacts of Becket's death regarding papal authority?

    <p>Papal appeals in England saw a significant increase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes Becket's ambitions as an archbishop?

    <p>To strengthen the church's rights and its independent authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accusation was often levied against Becket that contributed to his conflict with the Crown?

    <p>Undermining the Crown's authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1176 agreement under Cardinal Pierlone?

    <p>It affirmed the benefit of the clergy, reinforcing church jurisdiction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase describes the conflict between the ideologies of Becket and Henry II?

    <p>Justice versus simony. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Henry II's public act of penance at Becket’s tomb indicate?

    <p>He sought forgiveness for his role in Becket's murder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Despite Becket's efforts, what was one limitation regarding the application of the benefit of the clergy?

    <p>Certain serious crimes still required trials in common law courts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the underlying tension between Becket and Henry II?

    <p>Differing views on the role of the church in government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Becket's educational background influence his conflict with the Crown?

    <p>He learned the teachings promoting papal supremacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the canonization of Becket have on his legacy?

    <p>It elevated his status as a defender of church rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Becket’s resistance to the Constitutions of Clarendon signify?

    <p>His commitment to maintaining the church's legal privileges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Becket take to demonstrate his distancing from Henry II?

    <p>Stepped down as chancellor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of Becket's return to England in December 1170?

    <p>He excommunicated several bishops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry II's treatment of his sons contribute to the rebellion of 1173–74?

    <p>He refused to relinquish control of their inheritances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions by Henry II aggravated his son Henry the Younger?

    <p>Denying him access to foreign affairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor in Eleanor of Aquitaine's actions during the rebellion?

    <p>Her encouragement of her sons to rebel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to the election of Richard of Dover as the new archbishop?

    <p>Henry the Younger's complaint to the Pope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Louis VII influence the rebellion of Henry the Younger?

    <p>By encouraging Henry to claim inheritance immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which castle was NOT granted to John, Henry II's youngest son?

    <p>York (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Becket's action at the Council of Northampton is best described as:

    <p>Mengellng confrontation and excommunication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the turning point of the conflict between Becket and Henry II?

    <p>Henry II's exclamation regarding Becket (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of the Autumn Decree of 1169?

    <p>Becket's family faced banishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Henry II's primary reason for exiling Becket?

    <p>Personal grievances and power struggles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Hugh, Earl of Chester, have in the rebellion?

    <p>Leader of the rebellious barons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions exemplified Becket's dedication to his clerical duties?

    <p>Going against Henry II's wishes at crucial councils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Councils of Clarendon and Westminster?

    <p>They showcased the divisions and conflicts between Henry II and Becket (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key provision of the Treaty of Montlouis in September 1174 regarding Henry II's sons?

    <p>They had to give an oath of loyalty and pay homage to Henry II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Limousin Rebellion in 1183 affect Henry II's authority?

    <p>It showed that his reestablishment of authority was not long-term. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty secured Henry II's control over Scotland?

    <p>Treaty of Falaise. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reform was introduced by the Assize of Northampton in 1176?

    <p>Establishment of the circuit system for justices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes for Henry II after the death of his son Henry the Younger?

    <p>He lost the support of key nobles wanting stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of the Treaty of Ivry in 1177?

    <p>Henry II and Louis VII agreed to go on a crusade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor contributing to Henry II's loss of French lands by the end of his reign?

    <p>His own declining health and age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Philip II position himself during the conflicts with Henry II?

    <p>As an opportunistic antagonist capitalizing on familial issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Henry II have to concede to Philip II after his defeat in 1189?

    <p>Three castles in Anjou and the Vexin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did military skill play in Philip II’s threat to Henry II?

    <p>Philip II demonstrated military prowess by suppressing internal rebellions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effect of the King’s Bench established in 1178?

    <p>It created a permanent court to manage cases more efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the results of the Treaty of Falaise for Henry II's authority over Scotland?

    <p>It secured Henry's good behavior through hostages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Henry II's failure to resolve inheritance issues problematic?

    <p>It caused resentment and division among his heirs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the decline in Henry II's support from the nobility?

    <p>His aging and declining health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Great Rebellion of 1173-74?

    <p>Henry II consolidated his power over his enemies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Duke Richard's rebellion of 1189 differ from the Great Rebellion in terms of French involvement?

    <p>Philip II had a more central role in Richard's rebellion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action of Henry II is identified as alienating key supporters during both rebellions?

    <p>His increasing legal reforms and tightening control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that contributed to Richard's effectiveness during his rebellion compared to Henry the Younger?

    <p>Richard was more experienced and worked alongside others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between Henry II and his sons during the Great Rebellion?

    <p>Henry II undermined his sons' claims and authority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Louis VII's main motivation during the Great Rebellion?

    <p>To reduce Angevin power and assist Henry's sons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event did Richard and Philip II join forces against Henry II?

    <p>The peace conference in November 1188. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant reason for the failure of John’s campaign in Ireland in 1185?

    <p>Inexperience in handling military campaigns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Duke Richard’s prior experience play in his rebellion of 1189?

    <p>It provided him with the skills to lead effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these descriptions best fits Richard's actions regarding Aquitaine?

    <p>He saw it as a right and fought to retain it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary cause of tension between Henry II and his sons?

    <p>The Treaty of Montmiral’s provisions regarding inheritance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry II's personal relationships influence the rebellions?

    <p>They caused resentment and conflict among his sons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Philip II's role in Richard's rebellion primarily consist of?

    <p>He manipulated the situation to his advantage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Henry II's Goal for Control

    Henry II aimed to neutralize threats from Wales, Scotland, and Ireland to establish control and beneficial alliances.

    Henry II's Control of Wales

    Henry II's control over Wales, while significant, was partial, largely due to the fluctuating power dynamics among Welsh princes and the importance of alliances with figures like Lord Rhys.

    Henry's Alliance with Lord Rhys

    Henry II's influence over Wales was strengthened through diplomacy and alliances, such as with Lord Rhys, who submitted to Henry's leadership and even fought alongside him in the Great Rebellion.

    Henry II's Initial Struggle in Wales

    Before 1171, Henry II had limited success in controlling Wales, often facing resistance and instability. This shifted with Owain's death, creating an environment for diplomacy and alliances.

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    Henry II's Control over Scotland

    Henry II's control over Scotland was primarily symbolic, focusing more on controlling the Scottish king rather than significant territory.

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    Henry II's Control over Ireland

    Henry II's authority in Ireland was limited, primarily focusing on control over the Irish leader rather than extensive territorial dominion.

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    Henry II's Overall Strategy

    While Henry II achieved partial success in controlling Wales and maintained symbolic influence in Scotland and Ireland, his primary focus shifted to other campaigns.

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    Henry II's Control by 1172

    In 1172, Henry II had established significant control over Wales through alliances and diplomacy, while his authority in Scotland and Ireland remained largely symbolic and limited.

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    Henry II's Control of Scotland

    Henry II's authority in Scotland was limited and often fragile, stemming from a temporary dominance over King William the Lion.

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    Henry II's Control of Ireland

    Henry II's control over Ireland was initially minimal, building gradually through alliances with Irish kings and the establishment of Strongbow as a vassal.

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    Henry II's Acquisition of Brittany

    Henry II secured control over Brittany through diplomacy, appealing to Louis VII as his overlord and utilizing the feudal system.

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    Henry II's Marriage Alliance with the French

    Henry II strengthened his position in France through a marriage alliance with the Capetian family, securing the Vexin region.

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    Treaty of Montmirail

    The Treaty of Montmirail (1169) solidified Henry II's control over the Vexin, ensuring Angevin lands in France remained within the family.

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    Henry II's Military Actions in France

    Henry II's military actions in France included supporting Breton claims, suppressing rebellions, and enforcing his power through military campaigns.

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    Henry II's Reforms in Normandy and France

    Henry II's reforms in Normandy and French territories included consolidating control over barons, finances, legal systems, and record-keeping.

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    Superficial Control over Scotland

    Henry II's control over Scotland was primarily superficial, relying on temporary alliances and limited military presence.

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    Strategic Alliances in Ireland

    Henry II's control over Ireland was based on strategic alliances with Irish kings and the presence of Strongbow, but not necessarily on direct rule.

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    Diplomacy in Acquiring Brittany

    Henry II's acquisition of Brittany was facilitated through diplomacy, acknowledging feudal hierarchies and appealing to Louis VII's authority.

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    Reconciliation through Treaty

    The Treaty of Montmirail (1169) represented a significant moment of conciliation between Henry II and Louis VII, reducing immediate tensions between them.

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    Military Actions: Costly and Unsustainable

    Henry II's military actions in France, while effective, were costly and unsustainable. They often contributed to tensions and did not fully resolve conflicting interests.

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    Consolidation of Power through Reforms

    Henry II's reforms in Normandy and France aimed at consolidating power through centralized administration, legal reform, and financial control.

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    Military Prowess: One Factor

    While Henry II's military prowess played a significant role in his consolidation of power, it was often combined with diplomacy and administrative reforms. One method alone could not guarantee his success.

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    Henry II's Sheriff Reforms

    Henry II replaced 21 sheriffs in 1155, preventing hereditary positions. This strengthened the justice system by promoting skill, loyalty, and professionalism.

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    Assize of Clarendon

    The Assize of Clarendon (1166) gave Henry II the right to enter baronial lands in pursuit of felons. This reduced baronial power and promoted centralized justice, as everyone was accountable.

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    Inquest of the Sheriffs

    In 1170, Henry II held an inquest of the sheriffs, ensuring their proper upkeep and regular checks. This demonstrates the importance of maintaining control over these key figures.

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    Adulterine Castles

    Henry II destroyed numerous adulterine castles, such as Wigmore, Cleobury, and Bridgnorth, to prevent potential rebellion and strengthen the crown's authority.

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    Military Campaigns

    Henry II's military campaigns, such as against William le Gross in Yorkshire, weakened baronial power bases and demonstrated the crown's dominance. This also fostered loyalty.

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    Wardship

    The concept of wardship allowed Henry II to control the lands of a deceased nobleman's heir, ensuring financial benefit and fostering loyalty through control and education.

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    Echeat

    Echeat allowed Henry II to confiscate the land of a traitor. The king could then keep the land or give it to a loyal follower, promoting loyalty and deterring rebellion.

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    Confiscation of Castles (Hugh Bigod)

    Henry II confiscated Framlingham and Bungay castles from Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norwich, and charged a hefty sum to return them. This demonstrates a method of control and a way to gain financial resources.

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    Cartae Baronum

    The Cartae Baronum (1166) was a national survey of all tenants-in-chief, revealing the number of knights owed to the crown. This centralized power and reshaped the feudal system.

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    Henry II's Reforms in England

    Henry II's reforms of England led to increased centralization, bureaucracy, and professionalism. This made the government more sophisticated, overcoming the challenges of the Anarchy and the Great Rebellion.

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    Evolution, Not Revolution

    Henry II's reign saw a gradual evolution, not a revolution, in the nature of kingship. While traditional elements like itinerant kingship and military leadership remained central, his reforms strengthened royal authority without abolishing the feudal system or the baronial class.

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    Strengthening Royal Authority

    Henry II's reforms, such as the Cartae Baronum and the Assize of Clarendon, aimed to strengthen royal authority by centralizing power, reforming the legal system, and ensuring that the king could enforce his rights and receive what he was owed.

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    Legal Reforms and Efficiency

    Henry II's legal reforms, including the Assize of Clarendon and the inquest of the sheriffs, created a more efficient, professional, and standardized justice system. This strengthened royal authority by ensuring that everyone was accountable and the king's laws were uniformly enforced.

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    Professionalism in Government

    Henry II's government emphasized professionalism and skill, leading to the emergence of figures like Ranulf de Glanvill, author of the first English legal book, and Bishop Nigel, who served Henry I. This demonstrated a shift toward merit-based service, rather than relying solely on birthright.

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    Efficiency and Accountability

    Henry II's reforms, especially the legal reforms and the Cartae Baronum, aimed not only to strengthen royal authority but also to improve efficiency and accountability within the English government. By centralizing power, promoting professionalism, and standardizing procedures, he created a more effective and organized system.

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    Henry II and the Evolution of Kingship

    Henry II's reign marked a significant shift toward increased centralization and the establishment of a more sophisticated government in England, driven by his numerous reforms and the demands of a growing Angevin Empire. This evolution, though not revolutionary, ultimately contributed to a stronger and more effective royal authority.

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    What is the "Dialogue of the Exchequer"?

    The "Dialogue of the Exchequer" describes detailed financial procedures, roles, responsibilities, and a method for testing coins (counter debasement). It was written by Richard Fitz Nigel and features a master-apprentice dialogue.

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    How did Henry II change financial practices?

    Before Henry II, financial processes were unreliable due to reliance on individuals who weren't financial experts. After Henry II, financial practices were recorded and formalized, creating a system anyone could use. This shift led to more efficient and professional management.

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    What were "Pipe Rolls"?

    Regularly created "Pipe Rolls" (annual financial records) provided a systematic way to track income and expenditure, leading to a more effective government. While only one survives from Henry I's reign, there is one for every year of Henry II's reign.

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    What was the "Assize of Clarendon"?

    The "Assize of Clarendon" was a major legal reform that increased royal authority and reduced baronial power. Sheriffs were empowered to enter anyone's land to pursue criminals, centralizing justice under the king and holding even his tenants in chief accountable.

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    What was the "Assize of Arms"?

    The "Assize of Arms" standardized legal processes and promoted consistency, ending chaos and demonstrating a commitment to justice for all. It also led to the development of a jury of presentment, where local people gave evidence, paving the way for more systematic legal proceedings.

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    How did Henry II's reforms strengthen royal authority?

    Henry II's financial reforms, including taxation and coinage improvements, and his legal reforms like the Assize of Clarendon and Assize of Arms were highly successful in strengthening royal authority in England. He revolutionized the legal system and ensured accountability.

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    What was the "Assize of Northampton"?

    The "Assize of Northampton" was a significant reform that benefitted royal revenue, legal power, and control. It laid the foundation for developments in English common law and gave the king more control over justice.

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    How effective were the sheriffs after the "Assize of Clarendon"?

    Despite the establishment of reforms like the Assize of Clarendon, some sheriffs continued to abuse their power. This led to the "Inquest of Sheriffs", where 22 out of 29 sheriffs were replaced. This indicated that while corruption wasn't immediately eradicated, the reforms eventually brought about meaningful change.

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    Did Henry II completely eliminate old legal processes?

    Although significant progress was made, some archaic legal processes continued to exist. However, the reforms of Henry II laid the groundwork for a more systematic and organized system of justice, laying the foundation for the development of English common law.

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    How did Henry II's reforms impact English society?

    Henry II's legal, financial, and feudal reforms, particularly the Assize of Northampton, had monumental impacts. They consolidated royal power, increased royal revenue, and improved the justice system. The reforms laid the foundation for English common law and significantly shaped the relationship between the king and his subjects.

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    Henry II's Military Preparations

    The king's military preparations were critical in his victory, ensuring he could withstand sieges and maintain a strong position, especially in Normandy which acted as a link to England.

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    Henry II's Military Prowess

    Throughout the rebellion, Henry II consistently demonstrated military prowess, effectively engaging in attacks on rebel strongholds, capturing key figures and resources, and ultimately achieving decisive victories.

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    Henry II's Financial Strength

    Henry II employed financial strength derived from reforms and economic recovery to sustain his war effort, bolstering his military capabilities and allowing him to effectively utilize mercenaries like the Brabanterine forces.

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    Henry II's Political Leverage

    Through diplomatic strategies, Henry II skillfully navigated political alliances, capturing key figures such as his daughter Joanna, and strategically securing concessions to weaken his opposition.

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    The Military Incompetence of Henry II's Opponents

    Henry II's opponents, particularly Louis VII and his allies, exhibited significant military incompetence, failing to capitalize on opportunities and making critical errors in strategy and execution.

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    The Disunity of Henry II's Opponents

    The lack of unity and coordination among Henry II's opponents significantly hampered their efforts, hindering their ability to mount a cohesive and effective challenge to his authority.

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    Henry II's Support Network

    Henry II’s support network, led by Richard de Lucy, played a crucial role in maintaining his control over England, allowing him to focus attention on continental campaigns and preventing rebellion on multiple fronts.

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    Influence of Opposition Errors on Henry II's Victory

    Henry II's victory was greatly influenced by the opposition's mistakes, particularly Louis VII's errors, which created opportunities for Henry II to exploit his military prowess and seize strategic advantages.

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    Louis VII's Role in Henry II's Victory

    Although Louis VII's role was important, it is inaccurate to categorize him as the most significant factor in Henry II's victory. Henry II's strong leadership, strategic planning, military strength, and support network were equally crucial.

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    Louis VII's Errors and Henry II's Victory

    Henry II’s victory in the Great Rebellion was not solely attributed to Louis VII’s errors. However, these errors played a key role in accelerating the outcome and provided Henry with crucial opportunities to capitalize on.

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    Trial by Ordeal

    A system of justice where individuals are compelled to prove their innocence by enduring a painful or dangerous test, often with divine intervention as a supposed arbiter.

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    Assize of Northampton

    This assize aimed to consolidate royal authority by settling land disputes through standardized writs, encouraging people to appeal to the king for justice, rather than local lords.

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    Assize of Arms

    This assize established a system of laws regulating weapons ownership and use, significantly reducing the power of barons and limiting potential rebellion.

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    What were Eyres?

    The term 'eyre' refers to circuits, or geographical divisions, established for the administration of justice. These justice circuits across England enforced the king's authority and led to significant changes in the legal system.

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    What was the Book of Pleas?

    The 'Book of Pleas' was a collection of legal precedents that helped standardize justice and ensure consistency, as it provided examples of judgments for similar cases.

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    How did De Glanvill impact legal consistency?

    Henry II's first legal textbook, De Glanvill, utilized precedents recorded in the Book of Pleas to create consistency in legal rulings.

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    King's Bench

    The King's Bench established in 1178 was another important legal reform. It served as a permanent high court, directly under royal authority, and effectively challenged baronial, or local courts.

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    Who was Richard de Lucy?

    Richard de Lucy played a crucial role in Henry II's reign, serving as justiciar and holding immense power. He maintained a strong network of support for the king and was instrumental in establishing legal reforms.

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    Who was Bishop Nigel of Ely?

    Bishop Nigel of Ely was the key figure who revived and reformed the Exchequer, Henry II's financial department. He standardized and refined the record keeping, ensuring accountability and a more efficient treasury.

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    What are some of Thomas Becket's contributions?

    Thomas Becket, before becoming Archbishop, was a very effective chancellor, streamlining the administration through improved record keeping and the creation of specialized offices for clerks., He was also instrumental in reviving Scutage, a financial levy.

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    Who was Richard Fitz Nigel?

    Richard Fitz Nigel was a key figure in making the Exchequer more efficient. He, as treasurer, meticulously recorded accounts, established procedures for auditing, verified coinage, and uncovered instances of land encroachment - improving royal finances and strengthening the King's power.

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    What were some of the key changes made by Henry II?

    Henry II's reign encompassed several major reforms. These reforms shifted the balance of power, reduced the influence of barons, and established the foundations for a more centralized and standardized system of government and justice.

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    What were some challenges faced by Henry II's reforms?

    These reforms were not without opposition. Powerful barons felt their influence waning and resisted these changes. Though the reforms faced resistance, they ultimately contributed to a stronger and more stable English monarchy.

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    What were the lasting legacies of Henry II's reforms?

    These reforms demonstrate how Henry II transitioned from a medieval system towards a more centralized and controlled monarchy. He asserted royal power over the legal system (including justice), while simultaneously reducing the authority of local lords.

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    Assess the impact of Henry II's legal reforms.

    Henry II's Assizes and legal reforms were significant, but they were not a sudden revolution. They represented progressive steps toward a stronger monarchy and modern legal system. The initial challenges Henry faced from powerful barons contributed to his eventual, successful strengthening of the monarchy.

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    Simony and Becket

    Simony, the illegal buying and selling of church offices, was a point of tension between Becket and Henry II. Henry saw it as a way to control the church while Becket believed it corrupted the church's sanctity.

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    Church Legal Privileges

    Becket's campaign for legal privileges for the clergy was a key aspect of his cause. This aimed to ensure that clergy were not subject to secular courts, and only judged by the church.

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    Benefit of the Clergy

    The 'Benefit of the Clergy' was a legal advantage for clergymen, offering them immunity from secular courts in many situations and ensuring their trial by the church. This solidified the church's control over its clergy.

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    Compromise of Avranches

    From this point onwards, all property rightfully belonging to the Church of Canterbury was returned, marking a significant victory for Becket's cause.

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    Constitutions of Clarendon

    The Constitutions of Clarendon, imposed by Henry II, aimed to assert royal control over the Church. They aimed to bring clergymen under the jurisdiction of secular courts. This conflict fueled the tension between Becket and Henry.

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    Church Appointments

    Henry II sought to control church appointments. He aimed to prevent the Pope's authority and ensure crown influence over church positions. This sparked clashes with Becket who saw the Pope as the ultimate authority.

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    Papal Supremacy?

    Papal supremacy was a key principle upheld by Becket involving the Pope's superior authority over the Church, even over secular rulers. This conflicted with Henry II's ambition to assert royal power.

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    Appeals to the Pope

    The Church of Canterbury achieved significant success in regaining control over its own appeals, with a significant rise in cases directed to England after Becket's cause gained momentum. This showed a shift in power back to the church.

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    Royal Control of the Church

    Henry II, while making concessions, was able to retain a significant degree of control over the Church. He maintained the ability to fill vacant positions and ensured royal influence remained.

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    Becket's Martyrdom

    The martyrdom of Thomas Becket played a pivotal role in shaping his legacy and solidifying his reputation as a saint. His commitment to the church, together with miracles reported at Canterbury Cathedral, led to his canonization in 1173.

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    Cult of Becket

    The 'cult of Becket' refers to the widespread devotion to Becket, with many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to pay their respects. This popularity solidified Becket's place as a martyr.

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    Henry II's Penance

    Henry II's act of public penance at Becket's tomb in 1174 acknowledged the severity of the conflict and Becket's martyrdom. This event contributed to Becket's status as a revered figure.

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    Becket's Enemies

    Although Becket's death brought much support and led to his canonization, his enemies still retained powerful positions within the church. Some, like Gilbert Foliot, openly opposed Becket and his cause, and their influence continued. This showed that Becket's cause was not universally accepted.

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    Becket's Cause

    Becket's cause focused on securing autonomy for the church from royal power and ensuring the Pope's supremacy. While he achieved some significant concessions, he faced opposition from Henry II who sought to maintain royal control over the church. This tension shaped their relationship and affected the Church of Canterbury.

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    Clash of Ideologies

    The conflict between Becket and Henry II was fueled by their contrasting ideologies, ambitions, and personalities. Becket, deeply rooted in traditional church teachings, sought to strengthen the Church's rights, whereas Henry, driven by his desire for a strong monarchy, sought to control the church. Their clash over power and influence had a profound impact on the Church and the Crown.

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    Becket's Ambition

    Thomas Becket's ambition to be seen as an independent figure, separate from the king's influence, contributed to his clash with Henry II.

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    Council of Clarendon

    The Council of Clarendon (1164) was a turning point where Henry II attempted to assert royal authority over the Church by enacting the Constitutions of Clarendon, which Becket refused to sign, escalating the conflict.

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    Henry II's Treatment of Sons

    Henry II's overbearing nature and refusal to relinquish control of Angevin lands to his sons, despite promises, fueled their resentment and contributed to the Great Rebellion of 1173-74.

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    Henry the Younger

    Henry the Younger, despite his coronation in 1170, felt overshadowed by his father and was not given adequate power, leading him to join the rebellion.

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    John 'Lackland'

    John 'Lackland,' who was not included in the Treaty of Montmirail, also felt excluded and joined the rebellion, adding to the growing opposition against Henry II.

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    Eleanor of Aquitaine

    Eleanor of Aquitaine, seeking autonomy over Aquitaine and harboring resentment for Henry II's infidelity, encouraged her sons to rebel against him.

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    Louis VII

    Louis VII, seeking to exploit the Plantagenet family's internal conflicts, provided support and refuge to Henry the Younger, adding legitimacy and momentum to the rebellion.

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    Becket's Murder

    The death of Becket, orchestrated by Henry II's words, sparked outrage among the Church and strengthened the opposition against Henry.

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    Cause of the Great Rebellion (Sons)

    While multiple factors contributed to the Great Rebellion, Henry II's harsh treatment of his sons, especially their exclusion from their inheritance, fueled their resentment and ignited the revolt.

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    Great Rebellion of 1173-74

    The Great Rebellion of 1173-74 was primarily caused by the sons' resentment towards their father, fuelled by his refusal to relinquish power and control over their rightful inheritance.

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    Treaty of Montmirail (Exclusion)

    The treaty of Montmirail aimed to avoid conflict between Henry II and Louis VII, however, it also laid the groundwork for the Great Rebellion by excluding John from inheritance, a key factor in his eventual rebellion.

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    Henry II's Confiscation

    Henry II's aggressive campaign of land confiscation from those who supported Becket, including his family and household, further fueled the rebellion, making it not just a familial dispute but a widespread conflict.

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    Council of Northampton

    The Council of Northampton, where Becket was accused of embezzlement, demonstrated Henry II's willingness to use intimidation and legal tactics to pressure Becket into submission.

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    Henry II's Power Play

    Henry II's refusal to grant his sons real power and control over their inheritance sparked their resentment and fueled their rebellion, demonstrating the complexity of the family dynamics that ignited the Great Rebellion.

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    Gilbert Foliot's Perspective

    Gilbert Foliot, in his letter 'Multiplicom,' blamed Becket entirely for the conflict with King Henry II, highlighting the different perspectives and interpretations of the historical events.

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    Great Rebellion vs. Duke Richard's Rebellion: Similar Causes, Different Outcomes

    These two rebellions were driven by internal family disputes and French influence, but the Great Rebellion of 1173-74 ended in Henry II's victory, while Duke Richard's rebellion in 1189 led to Henry's defeat. The key difference lies in the causes: Henry the Younger was inexperienced compared to Richard, who had battle experience and was supported by powerful allies. The French kings played different roles: Louis VII was more involved and motivated in the Great Rebellion, while Philip II, though less involved, was more ruthless and ambitious. Henry II's antagonistic actions, including his affairs and legal reforms, caused discontent in both rebellions, but his opposition was stronger in 1189 as he lost the support of his surviving sons and became isolated.

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    Internecine Struggle

    This refers to a series of conflicts within the same family members, often driven by ambitions for power and inheritance. In the case of Henry II, his sons' frustrations with his control over their lands and perceived favoritism for one over the other led to both the Great Rebellion and Duke Richard's rebellion.

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    French King's Involvement

    Both Louis VII and Philip II, French kings, saw potential to weaken Henry II's Angevin power by exploiting his family feuds. They supported the rebellions, but their involvement varied. Louis VII, while less powerful than Henry II, was more personally motivated in the Great Rebellion, while Philip II, more ruthless, provided financial support and saw an opportunity to increase his own power.

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    Henry II's Antagonistic Actions

    Henry II's actions, including his affairs and attempts to tighten control, alienated people and contributed to the rebellions against him. His affair with Rosamund Clifford in the Great Rebellion and his affair with Alice in Duke Richard's rebellion angered his sons and their allies. His legal reforms, while aiming to strengthen the Crown, increased resentment among powerful barons and fueled opposition.

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    Treaty of Montlouis (1174)

    A peace treaty signed in 1174 that ended the Great Rebellion against Henry II. It required Henry's rebellious sons to swear oaths of loyalty and pay homage, effectively re-establishing his control within their territories.

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    Limousin Rebellion (1183)

    This rebellion, led by Henry II's sons in 1183, challenged the lasting impact of the Treaty of Montlouis. Their actions against their father showed that the re-establishment of his authority was not a permanent solution.

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    Treaty of Falaise (1174)

    A treaty signed in 1174 that ended William the Lion's rebellion against Henry II. It forced William to pay homage to Henry, swear an oath of loyalty, and surrender key castles and hostages.

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    Treaty of Ivry (1177)

    A treaty signed in 1177 between Henry II and Louis VII where they agreed to go on a crusade, respect each other's territories, and resolve any future conflicts through arbitration. This treaty marked a period of peace between the English and French monarchies.

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    Assize of Northampton (1176)

    A judicial reform implemented by Henry II in 1176 that brought greater judicial authority to the Crown. It included the addition of arson & forgery to crown pleas, increased punishments, expanded circuits for justices, and standardized land disputes procedures.

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    King's Bench (1178)

    A permanent court established in Westminster in 1178. It was designed by Henry II to handle the backlog of cases in the King's court and further centralized the judicial system.

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    The Demise of Henry II

    The term refers to the events leading up to and including the death of Henry II in 1189. By this time, he had lost power in France, largely due to conflicts with his sons and the rising influence of Philip II.

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    Philip II

    King Philip II of France, who emerged as a powerful and ambitious leader during Henry II's reign. He orchestrated various strategies to weaken Henry's control over his French territories and manipulate his sons.

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    Philip II's Political Skill

    Philip II's political ability to exploit the conflicts within Henry II's family and use them to expand his own power. He cleverly forged alliances and pushed Henry's sons against their father.

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    Philip II's Military Prowess

    Philip II's strategic use of military force to undermine Henry II's control in France. His campaigns, often in alliance with Richard, demonstrate a growing threat to Henry's authority.

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    Failure to Resolve Inheritance Issues

    Henry II's failure to effectively resolve the inheritance dispute among his sons. This unresolved conflict contributed to the growing tension between Henry and his sons, giving Philip II an opportunity to capitalize on their discord.

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    Henry II's Age and Failing Health

    Henry II's declining physical and mental strength in his later years. This decreased his capability to effectively manage his kingdom, particularly in the face of Philip II's growing power and his sons' rebellion.

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    The Last Years of Henry II's Reign

    A term that refers to the complex and volatile situation that emerged during the last years of Henry II's reign. It was characterized by the growing power of Philip II, the rebellion of Henry's sons, and the eventual loss of his power in France.

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    Philip II's Motivations

    This refers to the personal and political motivations of Philip II in his actions against Henry II. He aimed to weaken Henry's power in France and expand his own influence. Philip II's personal animosity towards Henry over the control of the Vexin also contributed to this motivation.

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    Study Notes

    Henry II's Control Over Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (1172)

    • Henry II, ascending to the throne in 1154, faced external threats from Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, necessitating control for alliances and security.
    • By 1172, he achieved a degree of control, but full authority was limited.

    Wales

    • Henry reduced Welsh threats to England's borders and established himself as an overlord.
    • Treaty with Lord Rhys (1171): Rhys submitted to Henry's leadership, keeping his territories, and fought alongside Henry in the Great Rebellion.
    • Justiciar appointment (1172) strengthened the relationship.
    • Previous campaigns (1157, 1163) and the Woodstock conference showcased some authority but were interrupted by Lord Rhys' rebellion.
    • The death of Owain created opportunities for diplomacy.
    • Internal divisions amongst Welsh princes diminished their power.
    • Limited but lasting alliance with Rhys was crucial.

    Scotland

    • Henry's control over Scotland was nominal, focused on the King, not the territory.
    • William the Lion (1165) aimed for autonomy, challenging Henry's authority and attempting alliance with Louis VII.
    • Henry lacked sustained control due to William's determination and political instability.
    • Previous loyalty of Malcolm IV diminished.
    • Temporary dominance stemmed from fragile alliances, not territorial control.
    • Instability had the potential to decline further.

    Ireland

    • Henry II fostered control (through Strongbow) by securing Leinster and parts of Meath.
    • Strongbow's role was fundamental in consolidating this initial power.
    • The submission of fifteen kings signified a shift from no control to presence in strategic regions.
    • Achieved a basis for future control over closer, more strategic regions.

    Henry II's Control Over France (1172)

    • Henry II's control in France was achieved more through skillful politics than solely military success.

    Diplomacy

    • Brittany (1158): Henry used diplomacy and appeals to Louis VII as overlord for control gains, minimizing military conflict.
    • Vexin: Marriage alliances helped secure this strategically important region through a papal alliance. This ensured Angevin lands remained in the family and reconciled with Louis VII, deterring immediate tension.

    Military

    • Brittany: Supports on land claims reduced potential threats to his rule
    • Battles fought by Henry showed he was more powerful than Louis VII.
    • Demonstrated the threat from a military perspective yet showed he was adept as a diplomat.

    Reforms (Normandy & French Territory)

    • Control of barons, financial/legal system innovations, and record-keeping improvements.
    • These reforms built a foundation for sustained power, though not the sole reason for success.

    Henry II's Military Prowess in Restoring Royal Power (1172)

    • Military strategies and campaigns were crucial in consolidating royal power.

    • Legal reforms (sheriffs, assizes) strengthened long-term control.

    • Military successes reduced baronial power through strategic interventions against castles and "quasi-kingdoms."

    • Strengthened feudal rights and centralized power, fostering loyalty/ revenue.

    Changes in Kingship During Henry II's Reign

    • Evolutionary, not revolutionary, consolidating power over the feudal system, but not eliminating the baronial class.
    • Increased bureaucratic/standardized governance, professionalism, and accountability.

    Nature of Henry II's Governmental Changes

    • Reforms aimed to strengthen royal authority but also aimed to improve efficiency, accountability, and fairness.

    Henry II's Financial Reforms

    • Financial reforms were instrumental in strengthening royal authority, though not the single factor.

    Henry II's System of Royal Justice

    • Significant changes involved standardized justice.
    • Assize of Clarendon (1166): Allowed sheriffs to pursue felons, standardized justice, and limited baronial power.
    • Assize of Northampton (1176): Introduced standardized writs for land disputes, increased royal revenue, and created circuits for royal justices.
    • Assize of Arms (1181): Restricted weapons possession, influencing baronial power.

    Royal Officials Under Henry II

    • Crucial officials like Richard de Lucy, Bishop Nigel, and Thomas Becket contributed substantially.

    Thomas Becket's Conflict (1162-1164)

    • Becket's ambition was a key cause of conflict with Henry II, clashing on issues including legal privileges and papal supremacy.
    • His death turned him into a martyr, impacting his reputation and promoting his cause against the Crown in the long run, though his aims on church legal privileges were not entirely fulfilled.

    The Great Rebellion (1173-1174)

    • Henry II's treatment of his sons, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Louis VII were significant causes.

    Consequences of the Great Rebellion

    • Primarily re-established Henry II's authority over his family through treaties and concessions but was not a complete resolution of tensions.
    • Enhanced foreign relations (especially with Scotland, France).
    • Increased royal authority through tighter legal reforms.

    Henry II's Loss of French Lands

    • Philip II's ambition to reduce Angevin power, coupled with Henry II's aging and failing heath, weakened his position, leading to a humiliating loss of territory.
    • His family (especially Richard's rebellion) increasingly acted against his authority, weakening him.

    Similarities/Differences Between Rebellions (1173-1174 and 1189)

    • Both rebellions stemmed from family issues, French king's involvement, and Henry's actions, but Henry II’s defeat was significantly more comprehensive in 1189, due to a change to his relationship with his family and Philip II’s increased power and desire to expand their control over Angevin territory.

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    Test your knowledge on King Henry II's strategies and outcomes regarding external threats from Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. This quiz covers key events and characterizations of his reign by 1172. Dive into the political landscape and assess his control over these regions.

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