Hemorrhage and hemostasis

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of hemorrhage?

The escape of blood from the blood vessels (extravasation) (correct)
The pooling of blood within intact vessels
A reduction in blood flow due to vessel constriction
Increased perfusion of tissues with oxygenated blood

How does hemorrhage differ from hyperemia and congestion?

In hemorrhage, blood is within the vessel wall, whereas in hyperemia and congestion, blood escapes the vessel
In hemorrhage, blood escapes the vessel wall, whereas in hyperemia and congestion, blood remains within vessels (correct)
Hemorrhage occurs due to vessel constriction, while hyperemia and congestion occur due to vessel dilation
Hyperemia and congestion only affect arteries, while hemorrhage only affects veins

What are the two main classifications of hemorrhage?

External or internal (within tissues or body cavities)

Which of the following is not a possible origin of hemorrhage?

Lymphatic (D) Signup and view all the answers

Hemorrhage by rhexis occurs due to:

A substantial rent or tear in the vascular wall (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of hemorrhage by rhexis?

Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hemorrhage by diapedesis?

It occurs due to a small defect in the vessel wall or RBCs passing through intact vessel walls (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of hemorrhage by diapedesis?

Direct vessel laceration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hemorrhage?

Trauma, sepsis, viremia, bacteremia or toxic conditions that lead to necrosis and degeneration of endothelial cells, chemical agents, neoplasia and coagulation abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest type of hemorrhage based on size? What is the size noted grossly?

Petechia, it’s up to 1-2mm in size Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct classification of a hemorrhage that is larger than petechiae but smaller than ecchymosis?

Purpura (B) Signup and view all the answers

The gross size of petechia on skin, mucosal and serosal surfaces are about 1-3 cm in size

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a hemorrhage that is greater than 1 cm in diameter and resembles bruising?

Ecchymosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Ecchymosis is larger than petechia (up to 1 or 2 cm)

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Atonal hemorrhages: _ and associated with terminal hypoxia

Petechia and Ecchymoses (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hemorrhage type is characterized by large, broad areas of hemorrhage that are widespread and coalescing?

Suffusive hemorrhage (A) Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe a paint-brush hemorrhage?

As if red paint was hastily applied with a paint brush Signup and view all the answers

Paint brush hemorrhages are most common on _ and surfaces.

Mucosal and serosal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hemorrhagic diathesis?

An increased tendency to bleed or bruise easily (B) Signup and view all the answers

Hemorrhagic diathesis is commonly associated with which of the following?

Platelet disorders and coagulation disorders (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with hemorrhagic diathesis is likely to exhibit:

Easy bruising and prolonged bleeding (B) Signup and view all the answers

A localized collection of blood within a tissue, forming a swelling, is called:

Hematoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Hemorrhage occurring around blood vessels is classified as:

Perivascular hemorrhage (C) Signup and view all the answers

A hemorrhage occurring between the arachnoid matter and the dura matter is classified as:

Subdural hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

A hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull is classified as:

Epidural hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is a hemorrhage into the thoracic cavity?

Hemothorax Signup and view all the answers

A hemorrhage occurring in the abdominal cavity is classified as:

Hemoperitoneum Signup and view all the answers

A hemorrhage located within the pericardial sac is called:

Hemopericardium Signup and view all the answers

A hemorrhage within a joint space is called:

hemarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to it’s definition.

Hemoptysis = Coughing up blood or blood stained sputum from the lungs or airways Hyphema = A pooling or collection of blood inside the anterior chamber of the eye (the space between the cornea and the iris) Epistaxis = Bleeding from the nose Hematemesis = Vomiting up blood Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the correct definition

Hematochezia = Presence of fresh blood in stool Melena = Presence of tarry blood in stool Hemarthrosis = Blood within a joint space Hemopericardium = Leads to fatal cardiac tamponade Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that stops hemorrhage?

Hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What determines the resolution of hemorrhage?

The size of the hemorrhage (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the resolution of a hematoma, hemoglobin is converted into which sequence of pigments?

Hemoglobin → Bilirubin → Hemosiderin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most severe consequence of a massive, rapid blood loss?

Hypovolemic shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

Repeated small hemorrhages over time can lead to which condition?

Anemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of hemostasis?

Promote blood clotting to prevent blood loss (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in hemostasis following vascular injury?

Arterial vasoconstriction of the endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for platelet adhesion during primary hemostasis?

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) (C) Signup and view all the answers

The coagulation cascade is divided into which two pathways?

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrinolytic system in hemostasis?

Dissolve the clot after tissue repair (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in secondary hemostasis?

Coagulation cascade (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the coagulation cascade?

Convert fibrinogen into fibrin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for producing coagulation factors?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

The intrinsic pathway is also known as the:

Contact activation pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors belong to the extrinsic pathway?

Factor 3 and 7 Signup and view all the answers

The common pathway of coagulation includes which factors?

Factors 10, 5, 2, and 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the final outcome of the coagulation cascade?

Fibrin clot stabilization and contraction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause coagulation failure? (Hint 6)

Hepatic diseases, platelet defects, nutritional deficiencies, toxics, hemophilias and bacterial invasion during the clot formation Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hemorrhage

The escape of blood from blood vessels (extravasation).

Hemorrhage vs. Hyperemia/Congestion

In hemorrhage, blood escapes the vessel wall. In hyperemia and congestion, blood remains within the vessels.