blood and immune - bonini

What is the term for the process of generating mature blood cell components?

Which of the following is a mature cellular component produced during hemopoiesis?

Which mature blood cell lacks a nucleus?

Granulocytes are a type of:

Which of the following are granulocytes classified into?

Platelets are fragments derived from what type of cell?

What is the approximate lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?

In adults, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in which location?

Hematopoietic stem cells initially emerge from which location during embryonic development?

Which site has a high concentration of hematopoietic stem cells that are normally discarded after birth?

In adults, what percentage of bone marrow is expected to be present in a normal sample?

Hematopoiesis follows a hierarchical tree model, with which cells at the top?

What is the name of the first marker cells express?

What is a key characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

Which of the following best describes HSCs?

What are two specific laboratory findings that characterize aplastic anemia?

In aplastic anemia, a low reticulocyte count indicates which condition?

Why is there neutropenia and not lymphopenia in aplastic anemia?

Aberrant autoreactive T lymphocytes in aplastic anemia target what?

Which condition is NOT an exclusion from the definition of aplastic anemia?

Trilinear cytopenia is a possible consequence of what condition?

Pure red blood cell aplasia is an acquired autoimmune condition frequently associated with what?

The myelodysplastic syndromes are classified as what kinds of diseases?

What is the most common etiology of aplastic anemia?

What characterizes hereditary aplastic anemia conditions?

Fanconi anemia is characterized by alterations in genes involved in what process?

What is the most common technique for gene therapy, where cells are harvested and modified in the lab?

What is a common sign or symptom of aplastic anemia related to low platelet count?

What finding characterizes aplastic anemia in the bone marrow?

In the context of treating aplastic anemia, what factor is NOT typically considered when deciding between immunosuppression and allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant?

What cells are used as a therapy in CAR-T cell treatment?

What is the purpose of introducing a new gene into T-cells during CAR-T cell therapy?

In allotransplantation, cells are taken from?

What is a primary target of CAR-T cell therapy?

In what decade was the first transplant performed from a donor to a patient with acute leukemia?

The first transplant in Europe was performed for what type of accident?

What was a major cause of patient deaths during the first transplant experiences in the late 1950s?

What is the main cause of major complications in transplantations?

What is the best way to avoid graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)?

What is the term used to describe the immune reaction of the donor's immune system against the host?

What is a significant downside to T-cell depleted allotransplantation??

What does HSCT stand for?

What must an antigen do to be recognized by CAR-T cells?

Where does the variable region of CAR-T cells, which recognizes the antigen, come from?

What does CD19 refer to in the context of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy?

What are the six approved CAR-T cell therapies directed against?

What characterizes the challenges related to failure in CAR-T cell therapy?

What is a common early side effect that occurs a couple of days after CAR-T cell infusion?

What is the first step in treating any toxicities resulting from CAR-T cell therapy?

What term would be most appropriate to describe the nature of side effects to CAR-T cell treatment neurotoxicity?

First-level analysis in hematology includes which of the following?

Which characteristic describes a complete blood count (CBC)?

Morphology in first-level analysis is performed when?

In first-level assays, what is the primary goal?

Which of the following is an example of a second-level analysis?

Where should blood draws be performed in order to perform CBCs, morphology, or flow cytometry?

What's crucial to avoid when a blood sample is obtained?

Why are anticoagulants like EDTA used when collecting blood samples?

Which of the following anticoagulants is typically preferred because it doesn't affect cell morphology?

In first-level analysis, manipulation of the blood sample should be...

What type of stain is used upon finding alarming signals from a complete blood count?

What does flow cytometry frequently analyze?

What is essential for interpreting flow cytometry results?

What does a complete blood count (CBC) generally count and characterize?

What is measured by the hematocrit?

What does CBCs generally give information about?

What is the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood expressed in?

What does the blood mirror for the patient?

Anemia is a condition with which of the following?

What cells are produced in the bone marrow?

What do the asterisks on a CBC indicate?

What is the normal range for MCV's in women?

MCV is used to define anemia as:

In myeloproliferative neoplasms, genetic alterations typically occur in which cells?

Unlike acute myeloid leukemia (AML), cells in myeloproliferative disorders:

Which historical figure contributed significantly to the understanding of myeloproliferative syndromes?

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is characterized as a:

Polycythemia Vera (PV) is mainly characterized by:

Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) is defined by an increase in:

Primary Myelofibrosis (PM) is characterized by:

What is a common characteristic of myeloproliferative neoplasms, relating to organ size?

The growth rate of neoplastic cells in myeloproliferative neoplasms can be described as:

Many myeloproliferative neoplasms are often diagnosed when:

What organs are commonly infiltrated by leukemia in myeloproliferative diseases?

Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocytosis are described as the most ______ of the myeloproliferative neoplasms.

What is a potential risk of evolution in all myeloproliferative neoplasms?

The observation of transformation into AML in myeloproliferative neoplasms has informed researchers about:

According to the WHO classification, myeloproliferative neoplasms are classified based on:

In addition to clinical symptoms and lab results, what other criteria are used to classify and understand myeloproliferative neoplasms?

What diagnostic procedure is typically performed when suspecting a myeloproliferative disorder to quantity bone marrow?

What is the molecular counterpart of the Philadelphia chromosome?

A mutation in the JAK2 gene, specifically in position 617, results in:

The Bcr-Abl translocation leads to the production of a:

The Bcr-Abl translocation results in a tyrosine kinase that is:

What does TKI stand for in the genetics of CML?

The tyrosine kinase produced in CML will phosphorylate adhesion molecules of the ________ proteins?

In CML, the classical mutation of Bcr-Abl leads to a protein of:

The natural history of CML is made of how many phases?

Which phase of CML is usually how the disease is diagnosed?

Symptoms of CML that arise from the accumulation of the disease include:

In CML, a complete blood count (CBC) will show:

The Philadelphia chromosome is found using cytogenetics, and can be found in both:

What additional test can be done after cytogenetic analysis?

What is the primary focus of current gene therapy research related to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

What does 'ex vivo' gene therapy involve?

When introducing a CAR gene into T lymphocytes, what is the aim of this gene addition?

What is the main goal of gene subtraction in gene therapy?

Which method is MOST associated with gene correction?

What is the primary difference between gene transfer and gene therapy?

Why is the ability to integrate a gene into the recipient cell considered a significant milestone in gene therapy?

Which type of vector is MOST commonly used for integrating genes in hematopoietic stem cell-based gene therapy?

What is a key advantage of lentiviral vectors compared to gamma retroviral vectors?

What is a defining characteristic of non-viral methods for gene transfer, such as transposons?

What is a significant limitation of RNA when used in gene therapy?

What dictates the area of the genome where guide RNAs bind in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

After a DNA double-strand break is created during genome editing, what is a 'quick and dirty' repair mechanism cells can use?

Which of the following is used as a template to repair DNA after a double-strand break using homologous directed repair (HDR)?

What is the primary advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 compared to older genome editing tools like ZFNs and TALENs?

What is the purpose of the Cas protein nickase in base editing?

Why are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) frequently used in ex vivo gene therapy?

What is a key reason for targeting the lung and liver when designing vectors for IV injection in gene therapy?

What is the overall survival rate since 2000 for patients with ADA-SCID treated with gene therapy?

Gene therapy has improved for lysosomal disorders because modified enzymes are able to do what?