Hemophilia and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Hemophilia and Bleeding Disorders

• Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal or absent clotting, resulting from a deficiency or dysfunction of a clotting factor.
• It is a sex-linked trait that occurs almost exclusively in males.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

• DIC is a condition characterized by clotting throughout the vascular system, followed by bleeding.
• It occurs when normal regulation of clotting by anticoagulants is overwhelmed, often caused by infections or snake bites.

Secondary Erythrocytosis

• Secondary erythrocytosis is a condition characterized by an overabundance of red blood cells.
• It results from decreased oxygen supply, often occurring at high altitudes, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or in congestive heart failure.

Malaria

• Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan introduced into the blood by the Anopheles mosquito.
• Symptoms include chills and fever produced by toxins released when the protozoan causes red blood cells to rupture.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Rheumatic heart disease results from a streptococcal infection in young people.
• The toxin produced by the bacteria can cause rheumatic fever several weeks after the infection, leading to rheumatic endocarditis.

Septal Defect

• A septal defect is a hole in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart.
• It allows blood to flow from one side of the heart to the other, greatly reducing the heart's pumping effectiveness.

Endocarditis

• Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium, affecting the valves more severely than other areas.
• It may lead to scarring, causing stenosed or incompetent valves.

Coronary Thrombosis

• Coronary thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a coronary artery.

Diseases of the Urinary System

Glomerulonephritis

• Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal corpuscle.
• It causes increased membrane permeability, allowing plasma proteins and blood cells to enter the filtrate, leading to increased urine volume.

Acute Glomerulonephritis

• Acute glomerulonephritis often occurs 1-3 weeks after a severe bacterial infection, such as strep throat.
• It normally subsides after several days.

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

• Chronic glomerulonephritis is a long-term and progressive process.
• It causes the filtration membrane to thicken and eventually be replaced by connective tissue, leading to kidney failure.

Acute Renal Failure

• Acute renal failure occurs when damage to the kidney is rapid and extensive.
• It leads to accumulation of wastes in the blood, and can lead to death in 1-2 weeks if renal failure is complete.

Endocrine Disorders

Addison Disease

• Addison disease, also known as autoimmune adrenalitis, is an acquired primary adrenal insufficiency.
• The adrenal glands make too little cortisol and often too little aldosterone.

Gestational Diabetes

• Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who don't already have diabetes.

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

• Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that decreases thyroid hormone secretion.
• It leads to a decreased metabolic rate, weight gain, and other symptoms.

Diabetes Insipidus

• Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH from the posterior pituitary.
• It results in excessive urination.

Primary Hyperthyroidism

• Primary hyperthyroidism is caused by increased blood PTH levels and elevated blood calcium levels.

Graves Disease

• Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism.

Cretinism

• Cretinism is characterized by developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures.

Hypothyroidism

• Hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism.
• It causes symptoms like slowed metabolism, tiredness, and weight gain due to an underactive thyroid.

Hyperthyroidism

• Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an overactive thyroid producing too much thyroid hormone.
• It causes symptoms like increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue.

Von Willebrand Disease

• Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder.
• It impairs platelet plug formation and the contribution of activated platelets to blood clotting.