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Questions and Answers
What is the cause of hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency?
What is the characteristic precipitant formed when hemoglobin is oxidized in hemolytic anemia?
Which condition is characterized by mild to moderate anemia that progresses from normocytic to microcytic when advanced?
What regulates the entry of iron into circulation in anemia of chronic disease?
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Which type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia is triggered by fava beans, infection, and certain drugs?
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What is the underlying cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemias described as intrinsic/hereditary?
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What is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in sickle cell disease?
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Which condition leads to a decreased erythropoiesis due to ineffective marrow response to erythropoietin and altered iron metabolism?
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What type of reaction is responsible for the destruction of RBCs in drug-induced extrinsic hemolytic anemia?
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What is the predominant phagocyte in the late inflammatory response?
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Which cellular products regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells?
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What is the primary function of interferons in the immune response?
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Which leukocyte type is most numerous?
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What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?
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Which cells are produced in the bone marrow and involved in wound repair?
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What is the function of tumor necrosis factor in the immune response?
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What do granulocytes contain that enables them to destroy microorganisms?
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What is the key role of chemokines in the immune response?
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What type of hypersensitivity is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which immune cells produce autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus?
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What is the predominant gender affected by systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which demographic group has a higher prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus?
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In systemic lupus erythematosus, which organ is most commonly affected by kidney damage?
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What is the primary component of immune complexes deposited in systemic lupus erythematosus?
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How many findings indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus are required for diagnosis?
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Which immune response involves the immune system reacting against antigens on tissues of other members of the same species?
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What type of antibodies are involved in transfusion reactions?
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What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?
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Which factor is required for the activation of clotting factors in the clotting cascade?
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What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?
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What is the key role of glycoproteins on the surface of platelets?
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Which condition is characterized by sudden pooling of blood, hypovolemia, and circulatory collapse, requiring surgical emergency intervention?
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What is the main function of thromboxane in hemostasis?
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Which component allows platelets to contract and retain clot at the site of vascular injury?
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Which pathway of the clotting cascade is activated by tissue injury outside the vessel?
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What is the primary role of thrombin in the clotting process?
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Which cells are produced in the bone marrow, stored in the spleen, and activated by ADP?
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What prevents the formation of spontaneous clots in normal vessels?
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What is the most abundant clotting factor in the clotting cascade?
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Which type of vessel damage activates the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade?
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What induces the formation of prothrombin activator in the clotting cascade?
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Which chemical mediators are associated with injury to the vessel that induces the formation of prothrombin activator?
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Which leukemia is most responsive to therapy?
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Which leukemia often presents with constitutional symptoms, recurrent infections, and easy bruising/bleeding?
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Which leukemia involves neoplastic clonal proliferation of myeloid stem cells and has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia?
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Which leukemia is characterized by anemia, neutropenia, recurrent infections, and splenomegaly?
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Which leukemia is commonly found in children under 15 and involves CNS involvement with B cell phenotype and increased LDH?
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Which leukemia often presents with fatigue, weight loss, pallor, rashes, and bone tenderness and pain in the advanced stages?
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Which leukemia is least aggressive and is commonly discovered on routine CBC due to generalized painless lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly?
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In which leukemia do patients often manifest with anemia, neutropenia, recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and bone/joint pain?
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Which leukemia involves Philadelphia syndrome where those with this chromosome have shorter survival and do not respond to therapy?
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Study Notes
Hemolytic Anemia
- G6PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia due to oxidative stress, leading to hemoglobin oxidation and precipitation of hemichrome.
- Hemoglobin oxidation forms precipitates called Heinz bodies.
- G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder, more common in males.
Anemia of Chronic Disease
- Anemia of chronic disease is characterized by mild to moderate anemia that progresses from normocytic to microcytic when advanced.
- Iron metabolism is altered, and hepcidin regulates the entry of iron into circulation in anemia of chronic disease.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- Fava beans, infection, and certain drugs can trigger autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
- The underlying cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemias is intrinsic/hereditary, related to immune system abnormality.
- The most common cause of hemolytic anemia in sickle cell disease is autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Hemolytic Anemia Mechanisms
- Oxidative stress leading to hemoglobin oxidation and precipitation of hemichrome is the cause of hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency.
- Immune-mediated destruction of RBCs occurs in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
- Destruction of RBCs in drug-induced extrinsic hemolytic anemia is caused by immune complex-mediated mechanisms.
Immune Response
- Macrophages are the predominant phagocyte in the late inflammatory response.
- Cytokines and chemokines regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells.
- Interferons play a primary role in the immune response, inducing an antiviral state in cells.
- Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocyte type.
Eosinophils and Wound Repair
- Eosinophils play a role in the immune response, particularly in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
- Fibroblasts are produced in the bone marrow and involved in wound repair.
Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Tumor necrosis factor plays a role in the immune response, inducing apoptosis in infected cells.
- Granulocytes contain lysosomes that enable them to destroy microorganisms.
- Chemokines play a key role in the immune response, attracting immune cells to the site of inflammation.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus is a type III hypersensitivity reaction, associated with the formation of immune complexes.
- B cells produce autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.
- The condition predominantly affects females, with a higher prevalence in African Americans.
- The kidneys are the most commonly affected organ by kidney damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Immune complexes deposited in systemic lupus erythematosus consist primarily of DNA and histone proteins.
- Four or more findings indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus are required for diagnosis.
Platelets and Hemostasis
- Platelets play a primary role in hemostasis, forming a platelet plug at the site of vascular injury.
- Thromboxane A2 is required for the activation of clotting factors in the clotting cascade.
- Platelets have a lifespan of 7-10 days in the bloodstream.
- Glycoproteins on the surface of platelets enable platelet activation and aggregation.
- Sudden pooling of blood, hypovolemia, and circulatory collapse characterize disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
- Thromboxane A2 induces platelet contraction and clot retention at the site of vascular injury.
Clotting Cascade
- Tissue injury outside the vessel activates the extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade.
- Thrombin plays a primary role in the clotting process, converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
- Prothrombin activator is induced by tissue factor in the clotting cascade.
- Injury to the vessel induces the formation of prothrombin activator, allowing the clotting cascade to proceed.
Leukemias
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most responsive to therapy.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) often presents with constitutional symptoms, recurrent infections, and easy bruising/bleeding.
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves neoplastic clonal proliferation of myeloid stem cells and has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia.
- Hairy cell leukemia is characterized by anemia, neutropenia, recurrent infections, and splenomegaly.
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often presents with fatigue, weight loss, pallor, rashes, and bone tenderness and pain in the advanced stages.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is least aggressive and is commonly discovered on routine CBC due to generalized painless lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly.
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) involves Philadelphia syndrome, where patients have shorter survival and do not respond to therapy.
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Description
Test your knowledge about hemolytic anemia, including its causes, types, and symptoms. Learn about intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to this condition, as well as specific examples such as autoimmune hemolytic anemias and drug-induced hemolysis.
