Hemoglobin's Response to Low Oxygen
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Questions and Answers

Which structure sits on top of the trachea?

  • Larynx (correct)
  • Pharynx
  • Bronchi
  • Alveoli

    • What is the function of the nasal cavity?

  • To trap particles in the air
  • To humidify the air
  • To clean the air
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which structure is the backup airway?

  • Larynx
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Oral cavity (correct)

    • What covers the opening of the larynx and protects it from solids or liquids passing through the pharynx?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows humans to make sounds for speech?

    <p>Vocal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the lung is divided into 3 lobes?

    <p>Lower lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that causes the coupling between ventilation and blood flow in the lung?

    <p>Ventilation-perfusion coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli secrete a fluid called surfactant?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the act of breathing and air movement?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is found in the top 1/3 of the esophagus?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is found in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?

    <p>Mixed muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is found in the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Controls the movement of food through the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Regulates food leaving the stomach and entering the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the visceral peritoneum?

    <p>Lines the walls of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for controlling the contractions of the GI tract?

    <p>Myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the largest serous membrane in the body?

    <p>Parietal peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures aids in the mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth?

    <p>Hard palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main gland that produces saliva?

    <p>Mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct cause of a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Byproducts of metabolism in a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>Transported as bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the muscularis layer in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the mucosa layer in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the digestive process?

    <p>Ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the process of respiration?

    <p>The relaxation of respiratory muscles decreases the pressure in the chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lung volumes is NOT under voluntary control?

    <p>Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the vital capacity (VC) of the lungs?

    <p>VC = Total lung capacity - Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the functional residual capacity (FRC) in the lungs?

    <p>To allow gas exchange between breaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in well-oxygenated red blood on room air?

    <p>100 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the bronchial tree?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that causes the coupling between ventilation and blood flow in the lung?

    <p>Ventilation-perfusion coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating pressure?

    <p>Pressure = mass / volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the major muscle of respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

    <p>Secrete a fluid called surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To heat and humidify the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure covers the opening of the larynx and protects it from solids or liquids passing through the pharynx?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of the trachea?

    <p>C-shaped bone rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure sits on top of the trachea?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major fold of the peritoneum?

    <p>Falciform ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the greater omentum?

    <p>Its purpose is debated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of teeth function to grind down plant cell walls?

    <p>Herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periodontal ligament?

    <p>To hold the teeth in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tongue?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Hemoglobin being in tissues with a higher concentration of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the main causes of hypoxia?

    <p>Ventilation problem, diffusion problem, cardiovascular problem, cell metabolic problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>Transported as bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a layer of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscularis layer in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure controls the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus?

    <p>The upper esophageal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is found in the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?

    <p>Mixed muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>To control food movement from the esophagus to the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stomach surrounds the opening from the esophagus?

    <p>Cardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is found in the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating the vital capacity (VC) of the lungs?

    <p>VC = TLC - RV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be held in 100 ml of high oxygenated arterial blood?

    <p>19.7 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in well-oxygenated red blood on room air?

    <p>100 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) in the lungs?

    <p>This volume of air is usually not used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the process of external respiration?

    <p>It is the process of air getting into the blood through the lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the avian skull has hypertrophied to form the beak?

    <p>Premaxillary bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones in the avian skull have become greatly altered with changes, mostly reductions, seen in the ptyergoid, palatine, and jugal bones?

    <p>Ptyergoid and palatine bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the independent movement of skull bones in birds?

    <p>Cranial kinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of birds' feet where two toes face forward and two toes face back?

    <p>Zygodactyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones in birds called?

    <p>Innominate bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper part of the foot in birds called?

    <p>Tarsometatarsus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of the trunk vertebrae with the pectoral girdle in birds?

    <p>Cranial fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fused digits in birds' feet?

    <p>Reduced weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tibiotarsus in birds' legs?

    <p>Shin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the greater omentum in birds?

    <p>Facilitating digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations in bird anatomy allows for flight?

    <p>Hollow bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the respiratory air sacs in birds?

    <p>To form air pockets within the bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the bird skeleton is true?

    <p>It is lightweight but strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the beak in birds?

    <p>To replace teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bird species does NOT have pneumatized bones?

    <p>Ostriches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the egg tooth in baby birds?

    <p>To break the eggshell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of birds tend to have the most hollow bones?

    <p>Gilding birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a unique adaptation in bird anatomy?

    <p>Teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the specially adapted digestive system in birds?

    <p>To break down food efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bird anatomy?

    <p>Large number of bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the vertebral column is responsible for providing structural support to the neck?

    <p>Cervical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebra in the cervical section of the vertebral column articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neck vertebrae do most birds have compared to humans?

    <p>Three times as many</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for head-bobbing in some birds?

    <p>Stabilization of their surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column of birds?

    <p>Between 5 and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fused structure formed by the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and sacro-caudal vertebrae called?

    <p>Synsacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pygostyle in birds?

    <p>Attachment point for tail feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the keeled sternum in birds?

    <p>Attachment site for flight muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the uncinate processes on the ribs of birds?

    <p>Strengthening the rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones make up the avian skull?

    <p>Frontal, parietal, premaxillary, nasal, and mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

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