76 Questions
What is the minimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) required to perfuse the kidneys?
$55-65$ mmHg
Which of the following is NOT a clinical significance of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
The oxygen content of the blood
Which formula is used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
(Diastolic × 2) + Systolic / 3
What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
70-110 mmHg
How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) relate to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?
CPP = MAP - ICP
Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Oxygen content of the blood
If the ventricles spent an equal amount of time in systole and diastole, how would the mean arterial pressure (MAP) compare to the average of systolic and diastolic pressures?
MAP would be the same as the average of systolic and diastolic pressures
How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) allow the paramedic to have a better clinical evaluation of blood pressure?
MAP is more physiologically relevant to arterial wall compensation or disease
Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Decreased cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance
Which of the following medications is used to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a patient with high afterload?
Phenylephrine
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Which drug influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?
None of the above
Which phase of the electrical activity in the heart represents the repolarization and resting phase?
T phase
What term describes the quality of conduction and rate of conduction in the heart?
SVR assessment
Which factor determines the strength of the circulation system via systolic resistance?
Palpable Pulses
What component influences heart rate by determining the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?
Autonomic Nervous System
Which factor does not influence heart rate?
Contractility
What influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?
Sympathetic tones
What provides information about both systemic vascular resistance and heart rate?
SVR assessment
What determines the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?
Electrical Impulse
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dopamine increases cardiac output?
Increasing contractility
What is the normal range for cardiac output?
4-6 Liters/min
Which of the following factors DECREASES cardiac output?
Decreased body metabolism
What is the primary mechanism by which Nitroglycerin increases cardiac output?
Decreasing afterload
Which of the following is the primary determinant of stroke volume?
Contractility
What is the primary mechanism by which Epinephrine increases cardiac output?
Increasing heart rate
Which of the following is the primary function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in relation to afterload?
Increasing afterload
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dobutamine increases cardiac output?
Increasing contractility
Which of the following is the primary determinant of diastolic blood pressure?
Preload
What is the primary mechanism by which Norepinephrine (Levophed) increases cardiac output?
Increasing afterload
What is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?
Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects preload?
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
What is the primary determinant of afterload?
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?
Administration of nitroglycerin (NTG)
What is the primary determinant of contractility?
The electrical conduction system of the heart
Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing contractility?
Administration of epinephrine
What is the normal range for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)?
15-25 mmHg
What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
800-1200 dyn·s/cm^5
What is the normal range for ejection fraction?
60-70%
Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing heart rate (HR)?
Administration of atropine
Which of the following is an example of when the central venous pressure (CVP) is low, indicating hypovolemia?
CVP < 0 mmHg
What is the primary function of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in the circulatory system?
To create blood pressure
What is the relationship between systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure?
When SVR is high, blood pressure is increased
How does positive pressure ventilation from a bag-valve mask (BVM) affect central venous pressure (CVP)?
Positive pressure ventilation only affects CVP when pressure exceeds 15 cmH2O
Which of the following is NOT a key element that affects hemodynamics?
Insulin levels
What is the primary determinant of afterload?
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
What is the relationship between central venous pressure (CVP) and blood volume?
CVP is directly related to blood volume
Which of the following is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?
Stroke volume
Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Decreased cardiac output
Which agent is most appropriate for increasing contractility?
Dobutamine
What is the effect of atropine on the heart rate?
Increases heart rate
Which of the following is a common response to β2-receptor stimulation in the lungs?
Contraction of bronchial smooth muscles
What is a notable characteristic of β3-receptors compared to β2-receptors?
Located in adipose tissues
Which of the following would be an expected result of activating β2-receptors in the bronchi?
Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
What is the primary metabolic effect of β3-receptor activation?
Weight loss
Which receptor type is primarily associated with bladder incontinence?
β3-receptors
What is the main benefit of utilizing Albuterol in EMS treatment?
Bronchodilation
What is a significant clinical application of β2-receptor stimulation?
Asthma treatment
Which parameter does Cardiac Output (CO) depend on?
Heart rate and stroke volume
What is the primary purpose of a fluid challenge?
To increase venous return and preload
What is the primary determinant of contractility?
Inotropic state of the heart muscle
Which component of the electrical conduction system affects the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Chronotropic component
What is the primary determinant of afterload?
Systemic vascular resistance
Which of the following medications would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?
Nitroglycerin
What is the primary mechanism by which central venous pressure (CVP) reflects preload?
CVP measures the pressure in the vena cava blood returning to the right atrium and ventricle
Which factor primarily influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Sympathetic nervous system activity
What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics, such as Lasix (furosemide) or Bumex (bumetanide), decrease preload?
Reducing circulating blood volume
Which component of the electrical conduction system affects the speed of conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node?
Dromotropic component
How does the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) affect hemodynamics?
Increases afterload
Which medication primarily causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels?
Phenylephrine (neo-synephrine)
What is the primary function of Adrenergic receptor beta 3 (3-Receptors)?
Smooth muscle relaxation
How do Carotid Bodies Chemoreceptors contribute to hemodynamics?
Detect acute changes in blood pressures
What is the primary role of a2B adrenergic receptors in the pancreas?
Pumps out glucagon
What is the main effect of Alpha-1 Receptors at the cellular level?
Involved in smooth muscle contractions
Which receptor subtype primarily acts on stress responses?
1-Receptors
How do Beroreceptors at the Carotid Bodies contribute to hemodynamics?
Detect changes in PaCO2
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of hemodynamics tailored for paramedics, developed by Steve Casarez, RN, MICN, and Paramedic. It includes information on pumps, pipes, fluids, and the electrical system relevant to clinical practice and resuscitation guidelines.
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