Hemodynamics Fundamentals for Paramedics

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What is the minimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) required to perfuse the kidneys?

$65-75$ mmHg

$60-70$ mmHg

$55-65$ mmHg (correct)

$50-60$ mmHg

Which of the following is NOT a clinical significance of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

The oxygen content of the blood (correct)

The rate at which the heart pumps blood into the large arteries

Arterial wall compliance

The rate of blood flow out of the large arteries to enter smaller arteries and arterioles

Which formula is used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

(Systolic × 2) + Diastolic / 3

(Systolic + 2 × Diastolic) / 3

(Diastolic × 2) + Systolic / 3 (correct)

(Systolic + Diastolic) / 2

What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

70-110 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) relate to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

CPP = MAP - ICP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Oxygen content of the blood Signup and view all the answers

If the ventricles spent an equal amount of time in systole and diastole, how would the mean arterial pressure (MAP) compare to the average of systolic and diastolic pressures?

MAP would be the same as the average of systolic and diastolic pressures Signup and view all the answers

How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) allow the paramedic to have a better clinical evaluation of blood pressure?

MAP is more physiologically relevant to arterial wall compensation or disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Decreased cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a patient with high afterload?

Phenylephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume Signup and view all the answers

Which drug influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the electrical activity in the heart represents the repolarization and resting phase?

T phase Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the quality of conduction and rate of conduction in the heart?

SVR assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the strength of the circulation system via systolic resistance?

Palpable Pulses Signup and view all the answers

What component influences heart rate by determining the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence heart rate?

Contractility Signup and view all the answers

What influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Sympathetic tones Signup and view all the answers

What provides information about both systemic vascular resistance and heart rate?

SVR assessment Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Electrical Impulse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dopamine increases cardiac output?

Increasing contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for cardiac output?

4-6 Liters/min Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors DECREASES cardiac output?

Decreased body metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Nitroglycerin increases cardiac output?

Decreasing afterload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary determinant of stroke volume?

Contractility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Epinephrine increases cardiac output?

Increasing heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in relation to afterload?

Increasing afterload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dobutamine increases cardiac output?

Increasing contractility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary determinant of diastolic blood pressure?

Preload Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Norepinephrine (Levophed) increases cardiac output?

Increasing afterload Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?

Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects preload?

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?

Administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of contractility?

The electrical conduction system of the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing contractility?

Administration of epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)?

15-25 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

800-1200 dyn·s/cm^5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for ejection fraction?

60-70% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing heart rate (HR)?

Administration of atropine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of when the central venous pressure (CVP) is low, indicating hypovolemia?

CVP < 0 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in the circulatory system?

To create blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure?

When SVR is high, blood pressure is increased Signup and view all the answers

How does positive pressure ventilation from a bag-valve mask (BVM) affect central venous pressure (CVP)?

Positive pressure ventilation only affects CVP when pressure exceeds 15 cmH2O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key element that affects hemodynamics?

Insulin levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between central venous pressure (CVP) and blood volume?

CVP is directly related to blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?

Stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Decreased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is most appropriate for increasing contractility?

Dobutamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of atropine on the heart rate?

Increases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common response to β2-receptor stimulation in the lungs?

Contraction of bronchial smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of β3-receptors compared to β2-receptors?

Located in adipose tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be an expected result of activating β2-receptors in the bronchi?

Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic effect of β3-receptor activation?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is primarily associated with bladder incontinence?

β3-receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of utilizing Albuterol in EMS treatment?

Bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant clinical application of β2-receptor stimulation?

Asthma treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter does Cardiac Output (CO) depend on?

Heart rate and stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a fluid challenge?

To increase venous return and preload Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of contractility?

Inotropic state of the heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the electrical conduction system affects the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Chronotropic component Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

Systemic vascular resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?

Nitroglycerin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which central venous pressure (CVP) reflects preload?

CVP measures the pressure in the vena cava blood returning to the right atrium and ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Sympathetic nervous system activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics, such as Lasix (furosemide) or Bumex (bumetanide), decrease preload?

Reducing circulating blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Hemodynamics Fundamentals for Paramedics

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) required to perfuse the kidneys?

Which of the following is NOT a clinical significance of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Which formula is used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) relate to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

If the ventricles spent an equal amount of time in systole and diastole, how would the mean arterial pressure (MAP) compare to the average of systolic and diastolic pressures?

How does mean arterial pressure (MAP) allow the paramedic to have a better clinical evaluation of blood pressure?

Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Which of the following medications is used to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a patient with high afterload?

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

Which drug influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Which phase of the electrical activity in the heart represents the repolarization and resting phase?

What term describes the quality of conduction and rate of conduction in the heart?

Which factor determines the strength of the circulation system via systolic resistance?

What component influences heart rate by determining the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Which factor does not influence heart rate?

What influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

What provides information about both systemic vascular resistance and heart rate?

What determines the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the SA node?

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dopamine increases cardiac output?

What is the normal range for cardiac output?

Which of the following factors DECREASES cardiac output?

What is the primary mechanism by which Nitroglycerin increases cardiac output?

Which of the following is the primary determinant of stroke volume?

What is the primary mechanism by which Epinephrine increases cardiac output?

Which of the following is the primary function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in relation to afterload?

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which Dobutamine increases cardiac output?

Which of the following is the primary determinant of diastolic blood pressure?

What is the primary mechanism by which Norepinephrine (Levophed) increases cardiac output?

What is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects preload?

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?

What is the primary determinant of contractility?

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing contractility?

What is the normal range for pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)?

What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

What is the normal range for ejection fraction?

Which of the following interventions would be appropriate for increasing heart rate (HR)?

Which of the following is an example of when the central venous pressure (CVP) is low, indicating hypovolemia?

What is the primary function of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in the circulatory system?

What is the relationship between systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure?

How does positive pressure ventilation from a bag-valve mask (BVM) affect central venous pressure (CVP)?

Which of the following is NOT a key element that affects hemodynamics?

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

What is the relationship between central venous pressure (CVP) and blood volume?

Which of the following is the primary determinant of cardiac output (CO)?

Which of the following factors would lead to a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Which agent is most appropriate for increasing contractility?

What is the effect of atropine on the heart rate?

Which of the following is a common response to β2-receptor stimulation in the lungs?

What is a notable characteristic of β3-receptors compared to β2-receptors?

Which of the following would be an expected result of activating β2-receptors in the bronchi?

What is the primary metabolic effect of β3-receptor activation?

Which receptor type is primarily associated with bladder incontinence?

What is the main benefit of utilizing Albuterol in EMS treatment?

What is a significant clinical application of β2-receptor stimulation?

Which parameter does Cardiac Output (CO) depend on?

What is the primary purpose of a fluid challenge?

What is the primary determinant of contractility?

Which component of the electrical conduction system affects the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?

What is the primary determinant of afterload?

Which of the following medications would be appropriate for decreasing afterload?

What is the primary mechanism by which central venous pressure (CVP) reflects preload?

Which factor primarily influences the rate of spontaneous depolarization at the sinoatrial (SA) node?

What is the primary mechanism by which diuretics, such as Lasix (furosemide) or Bumex (bumetanide), decrease preload?

Which component of the electrical conduction system affects the speed of conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node?

How does the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) affect hemodynamics?

Which medication primarily causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels?

What is the primary function of Adrenergic receptor beta 3 (3-Receptors)?

How do Carotid Bodies Chemoreceptors contribute to hemodynamics?

What is the primary role of a2B adrenergic receptors in the pancreas?

What is the main effect of Alpha-1 Receptors at the cellular level?

Which receptor subtype primarily acts on stress responses?

How do Beroreceptors at the Carotid Bodies contribute to hemodynamics?