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What is the primary cause of edema?
What is the primary cause of edema?
What is the term for the formation of a thrombus?
What is the term for the formation of a thrombus?
What is the result of blood supply blockage to tissues?
What is the result of blood supply blockage to tissues?
What is the term for the obstruction of pulmonary arteries by thrombi?
What is the term for the obstruction of pulmonary arteries by thrombi?
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What is the term for increased blood flow, often seen during exercise?
What is the term for increased blood flow, often seen during exercise?
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What is the term for the passive, impaired outflow often seen in liver cirrhosis?
What is the term for the passive, impaired outflow often seen in liver cirrhosis?
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What is the term for the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel?
What is the term for the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel?
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What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
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What is the term for the congestion of the liver due to right heart failure?
What is the term for the congestion of the liver due to right heart failure?
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What is the term for the fluid displacement visible on pressure in edema?
What is the term for the fluid displacement visible on pressure in edema?
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What is the term for the excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
What is the term for the excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
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Which of the following is an example of hyperemia?
Which of the following is an example of hyperemia?
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What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation?
What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation?
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What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a mass carried in circulation?
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a mass carried in circulation?
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What is the term for the ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage?
What is the term for the ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of edema?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of edema?
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What is the term for the passive process that impairs outflow from tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red?
What is the term for the passive process that impairs outflow from tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red?
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What is Virchow’s Triad?
What is Virchow’s Triad?
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What is the fate of a venous thrombus?
What is the fate of a venous thrombus?
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What is the main difference between hyperemia and congestion?
What is the main difference between hyperemia and congestion?
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Which of the following is an example of a passive process?
Which of the following is an example of a passive process?
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What is the main mechanism of edema formation due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure?
What is the main mechanism of edema formation due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure?
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What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation that can cause obstruction?
What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation that can cause obstruction?
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What is the result of blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to tissues?
What is the result of blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to tissues?
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What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
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What is Virchow's Triad composed of?
What is Virchow's Triad composed of?
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What is the result of excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
What is the result of excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
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What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus?
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus?
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What is the outcome of a blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to organs like the heart, brain, and intestines?
What is the outcome of a blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to organs like the heart, brain, and intestines?
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What is the process of dissolution of a thrombus?
What is the process of dissolution of a thrombus?
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What is the primary etiology of infarction?
What is the primary etiology of infarction?
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What is the characteristic of a congested liver?
What is the characteristic of a congested liver?
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What is the term for the formation of a thrombus influenced by endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability?
What is the term for the formation of a thrombus influenced by endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability?
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What is the difference between red and white infarcts?
What is the difference between red and white infarcts?
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What is the primary cause of pulmonary thromboembolism?
What is the primary cause of pulmonary thromboembolism?
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What is the result of impaired outflow from tissue?
What is the result of impaired outflow from tissue?
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What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
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What is the characteristic of pitting edema?
What is the characteristic of pitting edema?
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What is the primary function of normal hemostasis?
What is the primary function of normal hemostasis?
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What is the common consequence of systemic thromboembolism?
What is the common consequence of systemic thromboembolism?
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Study Notes
Hemodynamic Disorders
- Hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction are types of hemodynamic disorders.
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia is an active process characterized by increased tissue inflow due to arterial dilation, causing the tissue to appear red.
- Congestion is a passive process characterized by impaired outflow from the tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red (cyanosis).
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities, such as ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion.
- Mechanisms of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium/water retention, and increased capillary permeability.
- Morphology of edema includes gross (e.g., subcutaneous edema) and microscopic (cell swelling, extracellular matrix separation) changes.
Virchow's Triad and Thrombosis
- Virchow's Triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability, which contribute to thrombus formation.
- Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) in circulation, which can occur in the heart valves, chambers, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Thrombosis and Embolism
- Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in circulation.
- Embolism is the obstruction by a mass carried in circulation, which can be solid (thrombi, tumor cells), liquid (fat, amniotic fluid), or gas (air, nitrogen).
Fates of Venous and Arterial Thrombi
- Venous thrombi can propagate, dissolve, embolize, organize, and recanalize.
- Arterial thrombi can affect organs like the heart, brain, and intestines.
Infarction
- Infarction is ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage.
- Etiologies of infarction include thrombotic or embolic arterial occlusion, cardiac causes, arterial obstruction, venous drainage blockage, and microcirculation occlusion.
Morphology of Congested Organs
- Congested lungs (left heart failure) show brown induration and heart failure cells.
- Congested liver (right heart failure) appears as nutmeg liver with an enlarged, congested center of lobules.
- Congested spleen shows congestive splenomegaly with Gamna-Gandy bodies.
Edema Types
- Pitting edema shows fluid displacement visible on pressure.
- Non-pitting edema shows no indentation on pressure (e.g., myxedema).
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Normal hemostasis maintains a fluid state and produces a hemostatic plug at injury sites.
- Thrombosis is influenced by endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
Embolism Types and Effects
- Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is common and fatal, causing thrombi from deep veins to occlude pulmonary arteries.
- Systemic thromboembolism causes emboli in the arterial circulation, leading to infarctions in various organs (brain, intestines, limbs).
Infarction Types and Etiologies
- Types of infarction include red (hemorrhagic) and white (anemic) infarcts, depending on tissue and blood supply.
- Etiologies of infarction include cardiac output issues, arterial obstruction, venous blockage, and microcirculation issues.
Hemodynamic Disorders
- Hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction are types of hemodynamic disorders.
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia is an active process characterized by increased tissue inflow due to arterial dilation, causing the tissue to appear red.
- Congestion is a passive process characterized by impaired outflow from the tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red (cyanosis).
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities, such as ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion.
- Mechanisms of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium/water retention, and increased capillary permeability.
- Morphology of edema includes gross (e.g., subcutaneous edema) and microscopic (cell swelling, extracellular matrix separation) changes.
Virchow's Triad and Thrombosis
- Virchow's Triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability, which contribute to thrombus formation.
- Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) in circulation, which can occur in the heart valves, chambers, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Thrombosis and Embolism
- Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in circulation.
- Embolism is the obstruction by a mass carried in circulation, which can be solid (thrombi, tumor cells), liquid (fat, amniotic fluid), or gas (air, nitrogen).
Fates of Venous and Arterial Thrombi
- Venous thrombi can propagate, dissolve, embolize, organize, and recanalize.
- Arterial thrombi can affect organs like the heart, brain, and intestines.
Infarction
- Infarction is ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage.
- Etiologies of infarction include thrombotic or embolic arterial occlusion, cardiac causes, arterial obstruction, venous drainage blockage, and microcirculation occlusion.
Morphology of Congested Organs
- Congested lungs (left heart failure) show brown induration and heart failure cells.
- Congested liver (right heart failure) appears as nutmeg liver with an enlarged, congested center of lobules.
- Congested spleen shows congestive splenomegaly with Gamna-Gandy bodies.
Edema Types
- Pitting edema shows fluid displacement visible on pressure.
- Non-pitting edema shows no indentation on pressure (e.g., myxedema).
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Normal hemostasis maintains a fluid state and produces a hemostatic plug at injury sites.
- Thrombosis is influenced by endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
Embolism Types and Effects
- Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is common and fatal, causing thrombi from deep veins to occlude pulmonary arteries.
- Systemic thromboembolism causes emboli in the arterial circulation, leading to infarctions in various organs (brain, intestines, limbs).
Infarction Types and Etiologies
- Types of infarction include red (hemorrhagic) and white (anemic) infarcts, depending on tissue and blood supply.
- Etiologies of infarction include cardiac output issues, arterial obstruction, venous blockage, and microcirculation issues.
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Description
Identify and understand the differences between congestion and hyperemia, including their causes, symptoms, and examples in various medical conditions.
