40 Questions
What is the primary cause of edema?
Increased hydrostatic pressure
What is the term for the formation of a thrombus?
Thrombosis
What is the result of blood supply blockage to tissues?
Infarction
What is the term for the obstruction of pulmonary arteries by thrombi?
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)
What is the term for increased blood flow, often seen during exercise?
Hyperemia
What is the term for the passive, impaired outflow often seen in liver cirrhosis?
Congestion
What is the term for the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel?
Thrombosis
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
Emboli
What is the term for the congestion of the liver due to right heart failure?
Nutmeg liver
What is the term for the fluid displacement visible on pressure in edema?
Pitting edema
What is the term for the excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
Edema
Which of the following is an example of hyperemia?
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle hyperemia
What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation?
Thrombosis
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a mass carried in circulation?
Embolism
What is the term for the ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage?
Infarction
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of edema?
Increased body temperature
What is the term for the passive process that impairs outflow from tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red?
Congestion
What is Virchow’s Triad?
Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulability
What is the fate of a venous thrombus?
Propagation, dissolution, embolization, organization, and recanalization
What is the main difference between hyperemia and congestion?
Active process vs. passive process
Which of the following is an example of a passive process?
Congestion
What is the main mechanism of edema formation due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure?
Lymphatic obstruction
What is the term for the formation of a solid mass in circulation that can cause obstruction?
Thrombosis
What is the result of blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to tissues?
Infarction
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
Embolism
What is Virchow's Triad composed of?
Endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and blood flow alterations
What is the result of excess fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces or cavities?
Edema
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus?
Thrombosis
What is the outcome of a blocked arterial supply or venous drainage to organs like the heart, brain, and intestines?
Infarction
What is the process of dissolution of a thrombus?
Dissolution
What is the primary etiology of infarction?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of a congested liver?
Enlarged, congested center of lobules
What is the term for the formation of a thrombus influenced by endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability?
Thrombosis
What is the difference between red and white infarcts?
Tissue and blood supply
What is the primary cause of pulmonary thromboembolism?
Deep vein thrombi
What is the result of impaired outflow from tissue?
Congestion
What is the term for the obstruction of a blood vessel by a detached mass?
Embolism
What is the characteristic of pitting edema?
Fluid displacement visible on pressure
What is the primary function of normal hemostasis?
Maintaining fluid state and producing hemostatic plug
What is the common consequence of systemic thromboembolism?
Infarction in various organs
Study Notes
Hemodynamic Disorders
- Hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction are types of hemodynamic disorders.
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia is an active process characterized by increased tissue inflow due to arterial dilation, causing the tissue to appear red.
- Congestion is a passive process characterized by impaired outflow from the tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red (cyanosis).
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities, such as ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion.
- Mechanisms of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium/water retention, and increased capillary permeability.
- Morphology of edema includes gross (e.g., subcutaneous edema) and microscopic (cell swelling, extracellular matrix separation) changes.
Virchow's Triad and Thrombosis
- Virchow's Triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability, which contribute to thrombus formation.
- Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) in circulation, which can occur in the heart valves, chambers, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Thrombosis and Embolism
- Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in circulation.
- Embolism is the obstruction by a mass carried in circulation, which can be solid (thrombi, tumor cells), liquid (fat, amniotic fluid), or gas (air, nitrogen).
Fates of Venous and Arterial Thrombi
- Venous thrombi can propagate, dissolve, embolize, organize, and recanalize.
- Arterial thrombi can affect organs like the heart, brain, and intestines.
Infarction
- Infarction is ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage.
- Etiologies of infarction include thrombotic or embolic arterial occlusion, cardiac causes, arterial obstruction, venous drainage blockage, and microcirculation occlusion.
Morphology of Congested Organs
- Congested lungs (left heart failure) show brown induration and heart failure cells.
- Congested liver (right heart failure) appears as nutmeg liver with an enlarged, congested center of lobules.
- Congested spleen shows congestive splenomegaly with Gamna-Gandy bodies.
Edema Types
- Pitting edema shows fluid displacement visible on pressure.
- Non-pitting edema shows no indentation on pressure (e.g., myxedema).
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Normal hemostasis maintains a fluid state and produces a hemostatic plug at injury sites.
- Thrombosis is influenced by endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
Embolism Types and Effects
- Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is common and fatal, causing thrombi from deep veins to occlude pulmonary arteries.
- Systemic thromboembolism causes emboli in the arterial circulation, leading to infarctions in various organs (brain, intestines, limbs).
Infarction Types and Etiologies
- Types of infarction include red (hemorrhagic) and white (anemic) infarcts, depending on tissue and blood supply.
- Etiologies of infarction include cardiac output issues, arterial obstruction, venous blockage, and microcirculation issues.
Hemodynamic Disorders
- Hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction are types of hemodynamic disorders.
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia is an active process characterized by increased tissue inflow due to arterial dilation, causing the tissue to appear red.
- Congestion is a passive process characterized by impaired outflow from the tissue, causing the tissue to appear blue-red (cyanosis).
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces or cavities, such as ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion.
- Mechanisms of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium/water retention, and increased capillary permeability.
- Morphology of edema includes gross (e.g., subcutaneous edema) and microscopic (cell swelling, extracellular matrix separation) changes.
Virchow's Triad and Thrombosis
- Virchow's Triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability, which contribute to thrombus formation.
- Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) in circulation, which can occur in the heart valves, chambers, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Thrombosis and Embolism
- Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in circulation.
- Embolism is the obstruction by a mass carried in circulation, which can be solid (thrombi, tumor cells), liquid (fat, amniotic fluid), or gas (air, nitrogen).
Fates of Venous and Arterial Thrombi
- Venous thrombi can propagate, dissolve, embolize, organize, and recanalize.
- Arterial thrombi can affect organs like the heart, brain, and intestines.
Infarction
- Infarction is ischemic necrosis due to arterial supply or venous drainage blockage.
- Etiologies of infarction include thrombotic or embolic arterial occlusion, cardiac causes, arterial obstruction, venous drainage blockage, and microcirculation occlusion.
Morphology of Congested Organs
- Congested lungs (left heart failure) show brown induration and heart failure cells.
- Congested liver (right heart failure) appears as nutmeg liver with an enlarged, congested center of lobules.
- Congested spleen shows congestive splenomegaly with Gamna-Gandy bodies.
Edema Types
- Pitting edema shows fluid displacement visible on pressure.
- Non-pitting edema shows no indentation on pressure (e.g., myxedema).
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Normal hemostasis maintains a fluid state and produces a hemostatic plug at injury sites.
- Thrombosis is influenced by endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
Embolism Types and Effects
- Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is common and fatal, causing thrombi from deep veins to occlude pulmonary arteries.
- Systemic thromboembolism causes emboli in the arterial circulation, leading to infarctions in various organs (brain, intestines, limbs).
Infarction Types and Etiologies
- Types of infarction include red (hemorrhagic) and white (anemic) infarcts, depending on tissue and blood supply.
- Etiologies of infarction include cardiac output issues, arterial obstruction, venous blockage, and microcirculation issues.
Identify and understand the differences between congestion and hyperemia, including their causes, symptoms, and examples in various medical conditions.
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