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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of positive cooperativity in hemoglobin?
What is the significance of positive cooperativity in hemoglobin?
- It increases the affinity for O2 in adjacent subunits (correct)
- It decreases the affinity for O2 in adjacent subunits
- It allows hemoglobin to deliver less O2 to the tissues
- It leads to a linear shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Which of the following is NOT a positive effector that increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Which of the following is NOT a positive effector that increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
- Low H+ (high alkaline pH)
- High concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) (correct)
- Low concentration of a special metabolite of erythrocytes
- Low CO2
Where does heme synthesis mainly occur?
Where does heme synthesis mainly occur?
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria and cytosol (correct)
- Golgi apparatus
- Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the negative effect of negative effectors on hemoglobin?
What is the negative effect of negative effectors on hemoglobin?
What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?
What is the role of heme in hemoglobin?
Which of the following is true about 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
Which of the following is true about 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
What is the location of heme synthesis for hemoglobin production?
What is the location of heme synthesis for hemoglobin production?
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with Acute Intermittent Porphyria?
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with Acute Intermittent Porphyria?
What are the typical symptoms of Porphyria cutanea tarda?
What are the typical symptoms of Porphyria cutanea tarda?
Which pathway intermediate accumulation causes neurological symptoms in Porphyrias?
Which pathway intermediate accumulation causes neurological symptoms in Porphyrias?
Which type of Porphyria does NOT exhibit photosensitivity?
Which type of Porphyria does NOT exhibit photosensitivity?
What is the key pathway intermediate that leads to the characteristic symptoms of Porphyrias?
What is the key pathway intermediate that leads to the characteristic symptoms of Porphyrias?
Which enzyme deficiency characterizes Porphyria cutanea tarda?
Which enzyme deficiency characterizes Porphyria cutanea tarda?
Which of the following drugs can worsen the symptoms of Porphyrias by stimulating the heme synthesis pathway?
Which of the following drugs can worsen the symptoms of Porphyrias by stimulating the heme synthesis pathway?
Where does the degradation of abnormal red blood cells primarily occur?
Where does the degradation of abnormal red blood cells primarily occur?
Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?
Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis?
What inhibits ALA synthase in the liver when there is an excess of heme?
What inhibits ALA synthase in the liver when there is an excess of heme?
Lead poisoning primarily affects which enzymes in heme synthesis?
Lead poisoning primarily affects which enzymes in heme synthesis?
Which deficiency leads to the inhibition of ALA synthase?
Which deficiency leads to the inhibition of ALA synthase?
What role does vitamin B6 play in heme synthesis?
What role does vitamin B6 play in heme synthesis?
How does lead poisoning differentiate itself from porphyrias?
How does lead poisoning differentiate itself from porphyrias?
Which enzyme introduces Fe2+ into the heme ring in the final step of heme synthesis?
Which enzyme introduces Fe2+ into the heme ring in the final step of heme synthesis?
What is the final product of heme degradation in macrophages?
What is the final product of heme degradation in macrophages?
How is iron released from hemoglobin in macrophages stored?
How is iron released from hemoglobin in macrophages stored?
What enzyme reduces biliverdin to bilirubin in the cytosol?
What enzyme reduces biliverdin to bilirubin in the cytosol?
In what form is bilirubin transported in the blood?
In what form is bilirubin transported in the blood?
Which of the following can be excreted in urine?
Which of the following can be excreted in urine?
What is the fate of most urobilinogen produced in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the fate of most urobilinogen produced in the gastrointestinal tract?
What can occur if there is an accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in the basal ganglia of the brain?
What can occur if there is an accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in the basal ganglia of the brain?
How is bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in the gastrointestinal tract?
How is bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the correct composition of globin chains in a hemoglobin molecule?
What is the correct composition of globin chains in a hemoglobin molecule?
How many pyrolle rings are present in the heme structure?
How many pyrolle rings are present in the heme structure?
In what state does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2?
In what state does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2?
How many oxygen molecules can each Hb molecule bind to?
How many oxygen molecules can each Hb molecule bind to?
Which amino acid binds to the 5th coordination bond of iron in the heme group?
Which amino acid binds to the 5th coordination bond of iron in the heme group?
In which state does deoxygenated hemoglobin exist?
In which state does deoxygenated hemoglobin exist?
What is the oxidation state of iron in the heme moieties?
What is the oxidation state of iron in the heme moieties?
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