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Questions and Answers
Which cell type is considered the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid series?
Which cell type is considered the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid series?
What type of granules do promyelocytes develop during the maturation of granulocytes?
What type of granules do promyelocytes develop during the maturation of granulocytes?
What is the defining feature of a lymphoblast?
What is the defining feature of a lymphoblast?
What significant change occurs during the myelocyte stage of granulocyte maturation?
What significant change occurs during the myelocyte stage of granulocyte maturation?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with a promonocyte?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with a promonocyte?
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During megakaryopoiesis, what feature is exhibited by megakaryoblasts?
During megakaryopoiesis, what feature is exhibited by megakaryoblasts?
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In the maturation of granulocytes, what type of cell appears as the nucleus condenses into a rod shape?
In the maturation of granulocytes, what type of cell appears as the nucleus condenses into a rod shape?
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What is the role of monocytes once they are recruited to tissue during an infection?
What is the role of monocytes once they are recruited to tissue during an infection?
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What type of stem cell gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells?
What type of stem cell gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells?
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Which growth factor specifically regulates the formation of platelets?
Which growth factor specifically regulates the formation of platelets?
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What characterizes the first distinguishable cell in the erythropoiesis series?
What characterizes the first distinguishable cell in the erythropoiesis series?
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Which phase of erythropoiesis involves the expulsion of the nucleus?
Which phase of erythropoiesis involves the expulsion of the nucleus?
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Which type of bone marrow is identified by the presence of a high number of adipose cells?
Which type of bone marrow is identified by the presence of a high number of adipose cells?
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What is the expected time period for the complete development of an erythrocyte from its initial precursor cell?
What is the expected time period for the complete development of an erythrocyte from its initial precursor cell?
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What occurs to polyribosomes during the maturation of erythrocytes?
What occurs to polyribosomes during the maturation of erythrocytes?
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Which specific leukocyte precursor is not capable of division?
Which specific leukocyte precursor is not capable of division?
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Which of the following best describes the appearance of a mature erythrocyte's cytoplasm?
Which of the following best describes the appearance of a mature erythrocyte's cytoplasm?
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What type of fibers and cells are present in the stroma of the red bone marrow?
What type of fibers and cells are present in the stroma of the red bone marrow?
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What is the primary site for hematopoiesis during the adult stage?
What is the primary site for hematopoiesis during the adult stage?
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During which stage of fetal development does the spleen become significant for hematopoiesis?
During which stage of fetal development does the spleen become significant for hematopoiesis?
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What type of stem cell gives rise to all mature blood cells in the body?
What type of stem cell gives rise to all mature blood cells in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in post-natal development of blood formed elements?
Which of the following is NOT a step in post-natal development of blood formed elements?
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What regulates the total number of red blood cells (RBCs) in circulation?
What regulates the total number of red blood cells (RBCs) in circulation?
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Which organ is involved in hematopoiesis during the first trimester of fetal development?
Which organ is involved in hematopoiesis during the first trimester of fetal development?
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What happens to the number of active sites for hematopoiesis in bone marrow from birth to maturity?
What happens to the number of active sites for hematopoiesis in bone marrow from birth to maturity?
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What type of white blood cells (WBCs) abundance is based on the response to pathogens?
What type of white blood cells (WBCs) abundance is based on the response to pathogens?
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Study Notes
Hematopoiesis Overview
- Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation
- Prof. Dr. Siti Balkis Budin lectured on this topic
- Blast cells and mature cells have differences
- Erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis are different processes
Lecture Objectives
- Identify organs involved in fetal hematopoiesis
- Detail the stages of hematopoiesis throughout development (prenatal and postnatal)
- Understand the steps of post-natal blood cell formation (erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, megakaryopoiesis)
Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
- Negative feedback regulates RBC and platelet count
- Immune response influences WBC type abundance
- Red bone marrow is the primary site for hematopoiesis
- Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into many cell types
Sites of Hematopoiesis
- Embryonic hematopoiesis starts in the yolk sac, followed by the liver, then the spleen
- By the fourth and fifth month, the marrow cavity becomes the primary site for granulocytes and platelets
- By the seventh month, the bone marrow is primarily responsible for the formation of erythrocytes (RBCs)
- After birth, the bone marrow is primarily responsible, with some involvement from the spleen and liver
- In adulthood, active hematopoietic sites are primarily in the bone marrow of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, and proximal ends of the femurs
Hematopoiesis Details
- Hematopoiesis is the process of immature precursor cells becoming mature blood cells
- A single pluripotent stem cell produces all mature blood cell types
- The image shows a schematic illustrating the development of committed progenitor cells into various mature blood cells
Bone Marrow Types
- Two types exist: red and yellow
- Red bone marrow contains blood and blood-forming cells, providing blood cells
- Yellow bone marrow contains a high proportion of adipose cells
Red Bone Marrow Structure
- Stroma: a network of reticular cells and fibers (type I and III collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and hemonectin) supporting hematopoietic cells
- Hematopoietic cords: areas in the marrow containing blood cells
- Sinusoidal capillaries: specialized capillaries in the marrow, facilitating blood cell passage
Erythropoiesis
- The process of forming erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis
- Cell size and organelles change during maturation
- The nucleus disappears, and hemoglobin takes over
- Maturation takes about 7 days
Erythropoiesis Stages
- Proerythroblast: the first recognizable cell with loose chromatin
- Differentiating basophilic to orthochromatophilic, the nucleus condenses, disappears
- Reticulocytes are released from bone marrow into blood; they mature into erythrocytes in spleen
- Erythrocytes lack nuclei, are biconcave, and contain hemoglobin
Leukopoiesis
- Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte are capable of division
- Maturation of metamyelocyte and band cells reduces cell size
Granulopoiesis
- Involves protein synthesis in granules for maturation
- Early stage involves azurophilic granules for lysosomal enzymes
- Later stages develop specific granules depending on granulocyte type
Lymphocyte Maturation
- Lymphocytes originate in lymphoid organs and bone marrow
- Lymphoblasts are early progenitor cells, typically large.
- Lymphocytes eventually develop into smaller, more condensed chromatin cells.
Monocyte Maturation
- Monoblasts appear like myeloblasts are committed progenitors
- Develop into large cells with slightly indented nuclei
- Monocytes in the blood will mature to tissue macrophages or dendritic cells when activated
Megakaryopoiesis
- Megakaryoblasts are precursors of platelets
- Cells produce many nuclei without dividing (increasing cell size) which differentiates in morphology from other cells.
- Cytoplasm is filled with organelles that mature to become platelets via fragmentation. Platelets are components of the blood.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, as outlined by Prof. Dr. Siti Balkis Budin. This quiz covers the stages of fetal and postnatal hematopoiesis, the functions of different blood cells, and the organs involved in this critical biological process.
