Hematopathology Learning Outcomes

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What is the process of proliferation, differentiation, and mature blood cell release called?

Erythropoiesis

Thrombopoiesis

Hemopoiesis (correct)

Leucopoiesis

During which stage of development is the liver a site of hemopoiesis?

Infant

2-7 months (correct)

5-9 months

Fetus 0-2 months

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

Aplastic anemia

Hypochromic anemia (correct)

Megaloblastic anemia

Sickle cell anemia

Which type of cells in the bone marrow include stem, progenitor, precursor, and mature cells?

Hemopoietic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of stem cells to give rise to all cell lines and to self-renew called?

Self-renewal Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

Infant Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow called?

Extramedullary hemopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered as the site of active hemopoiesis?

Red marrow Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

Increased Hb (anemia) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Reticulocytes?

Non-nucleated red cells containing remnant RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone enhances erythropoiesis?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Reduced Hb (anemia) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are required for the complete formation of mature RBC?

Precursor cells and mature cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the process requiring stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC called?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nutritional factor that affects erythropoiesis?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for retic count (Reticulocyte count)?

0.5-2.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination?

Bone marrow biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

Normal size (normal MCV) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in developing and underdeveloped countries?

Inadequate iron intake coupled with increased demand Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of severe iron deficiency anemia?

Craving to eat unusual substances like clay and ice Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of anemia, especially in developing countries?

Iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia known as?

Plummer Vinson syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

Depletion of iron stores Signup and view all the answers

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

Iron release from macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves an increase in Hb concentration above the upper limit of normal for age and sex?

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

Shedding cells from the skin and mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

"Hypochromic microcytic, anisocytosis" Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

Low total iron binding capacity (TIBC) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Developmental delays in children Signup and view all the answers

What stage of iron deficiency anemia involves low serum ferritin levels and no anemia?

Depletion of iron stores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

Low MCV and MCH Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of a patient with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

Dysphagia and glossitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of iron deficiency in developing and underdeveloped countries?

Inadequate intake coupled with increased demand Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia?

Gastrointestinal tract bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

Angular stomatitis Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia is there a decrease in hemoglobin concentration below the normal range for age and sex?

Iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

Low MCV and MCH Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

Microcytic and hypochromic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Dysphagia and glossitis Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the proliferation, differentiation, and release of mature blood cells?

Hemopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

Infant Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can give rise to all cell lines, self-renew, and require certain growth factors and a suitable microenvironment to work?

Stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Where is the site of active hemopoiesis in adults?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

Stage 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination called?

Bone marrow biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of formation of red blood cells called?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation from the bone marrow?

Erythropoietin (Epo) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is the site of active hematopoiesis?

Progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow, mainly in the liver and spleen?

Extramedullary hemopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in young, immature non-nucleated red blood cells?

Reticulocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone primarily produced by the kidney and stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation?

Erythropoietin (Epo) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

Decrease in MCV Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of mature RBCs?

Biconcave, flexible, and able to pass through microcirculation with minimal diameter of 3.5 µm Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that requires stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Reduced oxygen tension of blood Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to variation in RBC size as microcytic or macrocytic?

Anisocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

Presence of normoblasts in peripheral blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

Mouth soreness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis in iron deficiency anemia?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory findings is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

Low transferrin saturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

High serum iron levels Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

Stage 1: Depletion of iron stores Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo) in iron deficiency anemia?

Low oxygen levels in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Nail changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Mental development disturbance Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

Iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

Hypochromic microcytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

Iron release from macrophages and enterocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body in normal physiological conditions?

Iron loss through shedding cells of skin and mucosal lining Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of anaemia of chronic disease?

Decreased erythropoietin response to anaemia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anaemia is characterized by normochromic normocytic or mildly hypochromic red cells?

Anaemia of chronic disease Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with anaemia of chronic disease?

High serum iron and high TIBC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of anaemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting mainly from B12 and folate deficiency?

Enlargement of bone marrow erythroid precursors Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for red blood cell formation from the bone marrow?

Erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance seen in the blood film morphology of megaloblastic anaemia?

Megaloblasts and macrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis based on the given clinical and laboratory findings?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the bone marrow findings in this case?

Erythroid hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of the patient's low serum B12 and low serum FA?

Impaired absorption due to pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for the suspected diagnosis in this case?

Vitamin B12 injections Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely impact of therapeutic trials with vitamins B12 and folic acid in this case?

Increase in Hb and retic count Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of long-standing pernicious anemia on the nervous system?

Irreversible spinal cord damage Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in the conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine and the conversion of Methylmalonyl-Co A into succinyl-Co A?

Vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of B12 in the human body?

Methylcobalamin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Pernicious anemia?

Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in co-enzyme in purine and pyrimidine synthesis?

Folic Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

Ileum Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical blood film morphology characteristic of Megaloblastic Anemia?

Macrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

Bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

Angular stomatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

Decreased MCV Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

Tissue hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

Normal RBC size Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Impaired cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of vitamin B12 in the human body?

Methylcobalamin Signup and view all the answers

Where does absorption of vitamin B12 primarily take place?

Ileum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Malabsorption due to celiac disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of folate in the body?

Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the biochemical basis of Megaloblastic Anemia?

Defective thymidylate synthesis due to vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of hematological findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

Low reticulocyte count Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Pernicious Anemia?

Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in Pernicious Anemia?

'Leukoerythroblastic picture' on blood film examination Signup and view all the answers

What is the response to treatment for Megaloblastic Anemia?

'Peak reticulocyte count at 2 weeks' Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical bone marrow findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

'Hypercellular marrow and erythroid hyperplasia' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

'Chronic blood loss' Signup and view all the answers

Hematopathology Learning Outcomes

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of proliferation, differentiation, and mature blood cell release called?

During which stage of development is the liver a site of hemopoiesis?

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

Which type of cells in the bone marrow include stem, progenitor, precursor, and mature cells?

What is the ability of stem cells to give rise to all cell lines and to self-renew called?

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

What is the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow called?

Which cells are considered as the site of active hemopoiesis?

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

Which of the following accurately describes Reticulocytes?

Which hormone enhances erythropoiesis?

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Which cells are required for the complete formation of mature RBC?

What is the process requiring stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC called?

Which of the following is NOT a nutritional factor that affects erythropoiesis?

What is the normal range for retic count (Reticulocyte count)?

Which procedure involves taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination?

What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

Which of the following is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in developing and underdeveloped countries?

Which of the following is a clinical feature of severe iron deficiency anemia?

What is the most common type of anemia, especially in developing countries?

What is the triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia known as?

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

Which condition involves an increase in Hb concentration above the upper limit of normal for age and sex?

What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

What stage of iron deficiency anemia involves low serum ferritin levels and no anemia?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

What is the typical presentation of a patient with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

What is the main cause of iron deficiency in developing and underdeveloped countries?

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia?

What is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

In which type of anemia is there a decrease in hemoglobin concentration below the normal range for age and sex?

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production?

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

What is the characteristic appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

Which process involves the proliferation, differentiation, and release of mature blood cells?

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

What type of cells can give rise to all cell lines, self-renew, and require certain growth factors and a suitable microenvironment to work?

Where is the site of active hemopoiesis in adults?

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

What is the process of taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination called?

What is the process of formation of red blood cells called?

Which hormone stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation from the bone marrow?

Which cell is the site of active hematopoiesis?

Which condition involves the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow, mainly in the liver and spleen?

What is the term for an increase in young, immature non-nucleated red blood cells?

What is the hormone primarily produced by the kidney and stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

What is the characteristic appearance of mature RBCs?

What is the process that requires stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC?

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

What term refers to variation in RBC size as microcytic or macrocytic?

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis in iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following laboratory findings is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo) in iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

What is the main method of iron loss from the body in normal physiological conditions?

What is the main pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of anaemia of chronic disease?

Which type of anaemia is characterized by normochromic normocytic or mildly hypochromic red cells?

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with anaemia of chronic disease?

What is the primary cause of anaemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting mainly from B12 and folate deficiency?

Which hormone primarily stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for red blood cell formation from the bone marrow?

What is the characteristic appearance seen in the blood film morphology of megaloblastic anaemia?

What is the likely diagnosis based on the given clinical and laboratory findings?