Hematopathology Learning Outcomes
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of proliferation, differentiation, and mature blood cell release called?

  • Erythropoiesis
  • Thrombopoiesis
  • Hemopoiesis (correct)
  • Leucopoiesis

    • During which stage of development is the liver a site of hemopoiesis?

  • Infant
  • 2-7 months (correct)
  • 5-9 months
  • Fetus 0-2 months

    • In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

  • Aplastic anemia
  • Hypochromic anemia (correct)
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Sickle cell anemia

    • Which type of cells in the bone marrow include stem, progenitor, precursor, and mature cells?

    <p>Hemopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of stem cells to give rise to all cell lines and to self-renew called?

    <p>Self-renewal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

    <p>Infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow called?

    <p>Extramedullary hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered as the site of active hemopoiesis?

    <p>Red marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

    <p>Increased Hb (anemia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Reticulocytes?

    <p>Non-nucleated red cells containing remnant RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone enhances erythropoiesis?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Reduced Hb (anemia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are required for the complete formation of mature RBC?

    <p>Precursor cells and mature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process requiring stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC called?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nutritional factor that affects erythropoiesis?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for retic count (Reticulocyte count)?

    <p>0.5-2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination?

    <p>Bone marrow biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

    <p>Normal size (normal MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in developing and underdeveloped countries?

    <p>Inadequate iron intake coupled with increased demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Craving to eat unusual substances like clay and ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of anemia, especially in developing countries?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia known as?

    <p>Plummer Vinson syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

    <p>Depletion of iron stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

    <p>Iron release from macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves an increase in Hb concentration above the upper limit of normal for age and sex?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

    <p>Shedding cells from the skin and mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>&quot;Hypochromic microcytic, anisocytosis&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low total iron binding capacity (TIBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Developmental delays in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of iron deficiency anemia involves low serum ferritin levels and no anemia?

    <p>Depletion of iron stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low MCV and MCH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of a patient with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

    <p>Dysphagia and glossitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of iron deficiency in developing and underdeveloped countries?

    <p>Inadequate intake coupled with increased demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Angular stomatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of anemia is there a decrease in hemoglobin concentration below the normal range for age and sex?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low MCV and MCH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Microcytic and hypochromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Dysphagia and glossitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the proliferation, differentiation, and release of mature blood cells?

    <p>Hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

    <p>Infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can give rise to all cell lines, self-renew, and require certain growth factors and a suitable microenvironment to work?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of active hemopoiesis in adults?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination called?

    <p>Bone marrow biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of formation of red blood cells called?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation from the bone marrow?

    <p>Erythropoietin (Epo)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell is the site of active hematopoiesis?

    <p>Progenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow, mainly in the liver and spleen?

    <p>Extramedullary hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in young, immature non-nucleated red blood cells?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone primarily produced by the kidney and stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation?

    <p>Erythropoietin (Epo)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decrease in MCV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of mature RBCs?

    <p>Biconcave, flexible, and able to pass through microcirculation with minimal diameter of 3.5 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that requires stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Reduced oxygen tension of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to variation in RBC size as microcytic or macrocytic?

    <p>Anisocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Presence of normoblasts in peripheral blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Mouth soreness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory findings is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low transferrin saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>High serum iron levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

    <p>Stage 1: Depletion of iron stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo) in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low oxygen levels in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Nail changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Mental development disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Hypochromic microcytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

    <p>Iron release from macrophages and enterocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of iron loss from the body in normal physiological conditions?

    <p>Iron loss through shedding cells of skin and mucosal lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of anaemia of chronic disease?

    <p>Decreased erythropoietin response to anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by normochromic normocytic or mildly hypochromic red cells?

    <p>Anaemia of chronic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is typically associated with anaemia of chronic disease?

    <p>High serum iron and high TIBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anaemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting mainly from B12 and folate deficiency?

    <p>Enlargement of bone marrow erythroid precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for red blood cell formation from the bone marrow?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance seen in the blood film morphology of megaloblastic anaemia?

    <p>Megaloblasts and macrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely diagnosis based on the given clinical and laboratory findings?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the bone marrow findings in this case?

    <p>Erythroid hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of the patient's low serum B12 and low serum FA?

    <p>Impaired absorption due to pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for the suspected diagnosis in this case?

    <p>Vitamin B12 injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely impact of therapeutic trials with vitamins B12 and folic acid in this case?

    <p>Increase in Hb and retic count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of long-standing pernicious anemia on the nervous system?

    <p>Irreversible spinal cord damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is involved in the conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine and the conversion of Methylmalonyl-Co A into succinyl-Co A?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of B12 in the human body?

    <p>Methylcobalamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Pernicious anemia?

    <p>Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is involved in co-enzyme in purine and pyrimidine synthesis?

    <p>Folic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical blood film morphology characteristic of Megaloblastic Anemia?

    <p>Macrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

    <p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Angular stomatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Decreased MCV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

    <p>Tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

    <p>Normal RBC size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Impaired cognitive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of vitamin B12 in the human body?

    <p>Methylcobalamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does absorption of vitamin B12 primarily take place?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Malabsorption due to celiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of folate in the body?

    <p>Purine and pyrimidine synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biochemical basis of Megaloblastic Anemia?

    <p>Defective thymidylate synthesis due to vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of hematological findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

    <p>Low reticulocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Pernicious Anemia?

    <p>Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is typically observed in Pernicious Anemia?

    <p>'Leukoerythroblastic picture' on blood film examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response to treatment for Megaloblastic Anemia?

    <p>'Peak reticulocyte count at 2 weeks'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical bone marrow findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

    <p>'Hypercellular marrow and erythroid hyperplasia'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>'Chronic blood loss'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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