Hematopathology Learning Outcomes

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of proliferation, differentiation, and mature blood cell release called?

  • Erythropoiesis
  • Thrombopoiesis
  • Hemopoiesis (correct)
  • Leucopoiesis

During which stage of development is the liver a site of hemopoiesis?

  • Infant
  • 2-7 months (correct)
  • 5-9 months
  • Fetus 0-2 months

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

  • Aplastic anemia
  • Hypochromic anemia (correct)
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Sickle cell anemia

Which type of cells in the bone marrow include stem, progenitor, precursor, and mature cells?

<p>Hemopoietic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of stem cells to give rise to all cell lines and to self-renew called?

<p>Self-renewal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

<p>Infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow called?

<p>Extramedullary hemopoiesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered as the site of active hemopoiesis?

<p>Red marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

<p>Increased Hb (anemia) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Reticulocytes?

<p>Non-nucleated red cells containing remnant RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone enhances erythropoiesis?

<p>Growth hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

<p>Reduced Hb (anemia) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are required for the complete formation of mature RBC?

<p>Precursor cells and mature cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process requiring stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC called?

<p>Erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nutritional factor that affects erythropoiesis?

<p>Growth hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for retic count (Reticulocyte count)?

<p>0.5-2.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination?

<p>Bone marrow biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

<p>Normal size (normal MCV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in developing and underdeveloped countries?

<p>Inadequate iron intake coupled with increased demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of severe iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Craving to eat unusual substances like clay and ice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of anemia, especially in developing countries?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the triad of dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia known as?

<p>Plummer Vinson syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

<p>Depletion of iron stores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

<p>Iron release from macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves an increase in Hb concentration above the upper limit of normal for age and sex?

<p>Polycythemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

<p>Shedding cells from the skin and mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>&quot;Hypochromic microcytic, anisocytosis&quot; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Low total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Developmental delays in children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of iron deficiency anemia involves low serum ferritin levels and no anemia?

<p>Depletion of iron stores (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Low MCV and MCH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of a patient with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia (IDA)?

<p>Dysphagia and glossitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of iron deficiency in developing and underdeveloped countries?

<p>Inadequate intake coupled with increased demand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Gastrointestinal tract bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Angular stomatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia is there a decrease in hemoglobin concentration below the normal range for age and sex?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production?

<p>Inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Low MCV and MCH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Microcytic and hypochromic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Dysphagia and glossitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the proliferation, differentiation, and release of mature blood cells?

<p>Hemopoiesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development is the bone marrow present in all bones in the body?

<p>Infant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can give rise to all cell lines, self-renew, and require certain growth factors and a suitable microenvironment to work?

<p>Stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the site of active hemopoiesis in adults?

<p>Axial skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

<p>Stage 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of taking a core of bone marrow tissue for examination called?

<p>Bone marrow biopsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of formation of red blood cells called?

<p>Erythropoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation from the bone marrow?

<p>Erythropoietin (Epo) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is the site of active hematopoiesis?

<p>Progenitor cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves the process of hemopoiesis occurring outside the bone marrow, mainly in the liver and spleen?

<p>Extramedullary hemopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in young, immature non-nucleated red blood cells?

<p>Reticulocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone primarily produced by the kidney and stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for RBC formation?

<p>Erythropoietin (Epo) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Decrease in MCV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of mature RBCs?

<p>Biconcave, flexible, and able to pass through microcirculation with minimal diameter of 3.5 µm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that requires stem, progenitor, and precursor cells for complete formation of mature RBC?

<p>Erythropoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis?

<p>Reduced oxygen tension of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to variation in RBC size as microcytic or macrocytic?

<p>Anisocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Presence of normoblasts in peripheral blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Mouth soreness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory findings is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Low transferrin saturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>High serum iron levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of iron deficiency anemia initially involves depletion of iron stores but no anemia?

<p>Stage 1: Depletion of iron stores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo) in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Low oxygen levels in tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Nail changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Mental development disturbance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia is there a deficiency in iron metabolism?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature seen in the blood film morphology of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Hypochromic microcytic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hepcidin inhibit to regulate iron balance in the body?

<p>Iron release from macrophages and enterocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body in normal physiological conditions?

<p>Iron loss through shedding cells of skin and mucosal lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of anaemia of chronic disease?

<p>Decreased erythropoietin response to anaemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anaemia is characterized by normochromic normocytic or mildly hypochromic red cells?

<p>Anaemia of chronic disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically associated with anaemia of chronic disease?

<p>High serum iron and high TIBC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of anaemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, resulting mainly from B12 and folate deficiency?

<p>Enlargement of bone marrow erythroid precursors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates red cell progenitors and precursor cells for red blood cell formation from the bone marrow?

<p>Erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance seen in the blood film morphology of megaloblastic anaemia?

<p>Megaloblasts and macrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely diagnosis based on the given clinical and laboratory findings?

<p>Pernicious anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the bone marrow findings in this case?

<p>Erythroid hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of the patient's low serum B12 and low serum FA?

<p>Impaired absorption due to pernicious anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for the suspected diagnosis in this case?

<p>Vitamin B12 injections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely impact of therapeutic trials with vitamins B12 and folic acid in this case?

<p>Increase in Hb and retic count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of long-standing pernicious anemia on the nervous system?

<p>Irreversible spinal cord damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in the conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine and the conversion of Methylmalonyl-Co A into succinyl-Co A?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of B12 in the human body?

<p>Methylcobalamin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Pernicious anemia?

<p>Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in co-enzyme in purine and pyrimidine synthesis?

<p>Folic Acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

<p>Ileum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical blood film morphology characteristic of Megaloblastic Anemia?

<p>Macrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of iron loss from the body?

<p>Bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical mucosal change associated with severe iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Angular stomatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Decreased MCV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of Erythropoietin (Epo)?

<p>Tissue hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Normocytic in terms of RBC disorders refer to?

<p>Normal RBC size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe, long-standing iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Impaired cognitive function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of vitamin B12 in the human body?

<p>Methylcobalamin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does absorption of vitamin B12 primarily take place?

<p>Ileum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Malabsorption due to celiac disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of folate in the body?

<p>Purine and pyrimidine synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biochemical basis of Megaloblastic Anemia?

<p>Defective thymidylate synthesis due to vitamin B12 deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of hematological findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

<p>Low reticulocyte count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Pernicious Anemia?

<p>Autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is typically observed in Pernicious Anemia?

<p>'Leukoerythroblastic picture' on blood film examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response to treatment for Megaloblastic Anemia?

<p>'Peak reticulocyte count at 2 weeks' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical bone marrow findings in Megaloblastic Anemia?

<p>'Hypercellular marrow and erythroid hyperplasia' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased hepcidin production in iron deficiency anemia?

<p>'Chronic blood loss' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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