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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of hematopoiesis?
What is the main function of hematopoiesis?
- Regulation of body temperature
- Digestion of food
- Production of hormones
- Production of blood cells (correct)
Hematopoiesis occurs only in the embryonic stage of development.
Hematopoiesis occurs only in the embryonic stage of development.
False (B)
What are the primary locations of hematopoiesis in adults?
What are the primary locations of hematopoiesis in adults?
Bone marrow
During the mesoblastic phase of hematopoiesis, primitive cells contain __________ hemoglobins.
During the mesoblastic phase of hematopoiesis, primitive cells contain __________ hemoglobins.
Match the hematopoietic terms with their definitions:
Match the hematopoietic terms with their definitions:
What is the most reliable indicator of nuclear maturity?
What is the most reliable indicator of nuclear maturity?
Erythropoietin is primarily produced in the liver.
Erythropoietin is primarily produced in the liver.
What is the primary stimulus for the production of erythropoietin?
What is the primary stimulus for the production of erythropoietin?
The __________ are the baby form of red blood cells.
The __________ are the baby form of red blood cells.
Match the following components of chromatin with their characteristics:
Match the following components of chromatin with their characteristics:
Which of the following describes the nucleus of a blast cell?
Which of the following describes the nucleus of a blast cell?
The loss of nucleoli is a feature associated with the maturation of bone marrow cells.
The loss of nucleoli is a feature associated with the maturation of bone marrow cells.
What is represented by a high N/C ratio in cells?
What is represented by a high N/C ratio in cells?
What is the diameter range of a Pronormoblast?
What is the diameter range of a Pronormoblast?
An Orthochromic Normoblast has a nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio of 1:2.
An Orthochromic Normoblast has a nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio of 1:2.
What color is typically associated with mature erythrocytes?
What color is typically associated with mature erythrocytes?
The reticulocyte is the last stage with __________ synthesis.
The reticulocyte is the last stage with __________ synthesis.
Match the stages of erythropoiesis with their key characteristics:
Match the stages of erythropoiesis with their key characteristics:
What is the N/C ratio of Basophilic Normoblast?
What is the N/C ratio of Basophilic Normoblast?
Mature erythrocytes are capable of hemoglobin synthesis.
Mature erythrocytes are capable of hemoglobin synthesis.
What is the last nucleated stage in erythropoiesis?
What is the last nucleated stage in erythropoiesis?
Mature erythrocytes have a diameter of __________ um.
Mature erythrocytes have a diameter of __________ um.
What appearance does the cytoplasm of a Polychromatophilic Erythroblast have?
What appearance does the cytoplasm of a Polychromatophilic Erythroblast have?
What is the last stage capable of mitosis in erythropoiesis?
What is the last stage capable of mitosis in erythropoiesis?
The orthochromic normoblast is the last nucleated stage in erythropoiesis.
The orthochromic normoblast is the last nucleated stage in erythropoiesis.
What is the index of bone marrow activity?
What is the index of bone marrow activity?
The first embryonic hemoglobin to appear is called __________.
The first embryonic hemoglobin to appear is called __________.
Which of the following factors can increase RBC, Hct, and Hgb?
Which of the following factors can increase RBC, Hct, and Hgb?
Match the following embryonic hemoglobins with their structures:
Match the following embryonic hemoglobins with their structures:
What is a characteristic of Heinz bodies in mature RBC?
What is a characteristic of Heinz bodies in mature RBC?
Older males have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and colon cancer than older women.
Older males have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and colon cancer than older women.
What is the diameter of a band form leukocyte?
What is the diameter of a band form leukocyte?
Myelocytes contain secondary or specific granules.
Myelocytes contain secondary or specific granules.
What is the youngest stage that is capable of mitosis?
What is the youngest stage that is capable of mitosis?
The predominant cell type in the adult bone marrow is the ______.
The predominant cell type in the adult bone marrow is the ______.
Match the following leukocyte types with their characteristics:
Match the following leukocyte types with their characteristics:
What is the characteristic shape of a metamyelocyte's nucleus?
What is the characteristic shape of a metamyelocyte's nucleus?
Neutrophils are the least abundant type of white blood cell.
Neutrophils are the least abundant type of white blood cell.
What happens to the granulocyte count during conditions like leukemia?
What happens to the granulocyte count during conditions like leukemia?
A cell that shows eosinophilia could be found during a ______.
A cell that shows eosinophilia could be found during a ______.
Match the type of granules with their respective leukocyte:
Match the type of granules with their respective leukocyte:
What is the common cause of neutrophilia?
What is the common cause of neutrophilia?
Eosinopenia indicates an increased number of eosinophils in the blood.
Eosinopenia indicates an increased number of eosinophils in the blood.
What type of granules do metamyelocytes contain?
What type of granules do metamyelocytes contain?
A segmented neutrophil is characterized by its nucleus having ______ lobes.
A segmented neutrophil is characterized by its nucleus having ______ lobes.
What is the N/C ratio of a myelocyte?
What is the N/C ratio of a myelocyte?
Study Notes
Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis refers to the production of blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- The process begins in the mesoblastic phase, specifically within the blood islands of the yolk sac, starting as early as the 19th day of gestation.
Hematopoietic Tissues
- In adults, hematopoiesis is confined to the bone marrow located in cortical bones.
- Contains crucial developmental stages leading to the maturation of blood cells.
Chromosome Structure
- Heterochromatin: Darker, more condensed areas, often gene-poor with silenced genes.
- Euchromatin: Lighter, less condensed areas, rich in gene activity.
Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoiesis is the process through which erythroid precursor cells develop into mature RBCs.
- Erythropoietin: Primary hormone regulating erythropoiesis, produced in the kidneys.
- Hypoxia: Triggers increased erythropoiesis due to low oxygen levels.
- Reticulocytes: Immature RBCs that spend 1-2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in peripheral blood.
Stages of Erythropoiesis
-
Pronormoblast (Rubriblast):
- Diameter: 14-20 μm
- Deeply basophilic cytoplasm with fine chromatin.
- N/C ratio of 8:1 and 1-2 nucleoli.
-
Basophilic Normoblast (Prorubricyte):
- Diameter: 12-17 μm
- Intensely basophilic cytoplasm with slightly coarse chromatin.
- N/C ratio of 6:1.
-
Polychromatic Erythroblast:
- Last stage capable of mitosis.
- Diameter: 10-15 μm, N/C ratio: 4:1.
- Begins hemoglobin synthesis.
-
Orthochromic Normoblast (Metarubricyte):
- Diameter: 7-12 μm, last nucleated stage.
- Pink cytoplasm with small pyknotic nucleus, N/C ratio: 1:2.
-
Reticulocytes:
- Diameter: 7-10 μm, index of bone marrow activity.
- Last stage with hemoglobin synthesis, identifiable by fine RNA reticulum.
-
Mature Erythrocyte:
- Diameter: 6-8 μm, non-nucleated, red, biconcave shape.
- Lifespan of approximately 120 days.
Physiological Variations
- Males typically have higher RBC counts, Hct, and Hgb due to hormonal differences and menstruation in females.
- Hemoglobin levels decrease in older males due to increased bleeding risks.
Granulopoiesis
- Granulocyte maturation takes approximately 14 days.
- Involves the development of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophils
- Most common WBC type and a primary defense against infections.
- Neutrophilia may occur in bacterial infections, injuries, and inflammation.
- Neutropenia may result from chemical toxicity, nutritional deficiencies, or treatments.
Eosinophils
- Involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and modulating inflammation.
- Eosinophilia associated with allergies and parasitic infestations.
Key Blood Cell Characteristics
- Myelocyte: Last stage capable of mitosis, contains specific granules for identifying granulocyte type.
- Band Form: Youngest WBC in peripheral blood, with an elongated nucleus.
- Segmented Neutrophil: Contains granules essential for phagocytosis, with a lobular nucleus.
Common Hematological Terms
- Bite Cells: RBCs with indentations due to hemoglobin denaturation.
- Heinz Bodies: Inclusions in mature RBCs indicating denatured hemoglobin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hematopoiesis during the mesoblastic or yolk phase as part of your hematology lecture series. This quiz focuses on the production of blood cells in the embryonic stage and their developmental origins. Perfect for students studying hematology or related fields in medical education.
