Hematology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by a low platelet count, leading to easy bruising and bleeding?

  • Hemophilia
  • Thrombocytopenia (correct)
  • Polycythemia
  • Sickle cell anemia

Which blood cells are described as crescent-shaped and associated with sickle cell anemia?

  • Microcytic RBCs
  • Teardrop Cells
  • Acanthocytes
  • Sickle Cells (correct)

Which diagnostic test assesses the blood’s ability to form clots?

  • Reticulocyte Count
  • Peripheral Blood Smear
  • Bone Marrow Aspiration
  • Coagulation Tests (correct)

Which type of blood group is considered a universal donor?

<p>Type O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of macrocytic RBCs?

<p>Large in size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>Carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of the coagulation cascade is activated by internal damage to blood vessels?

<p>Intrinsic Pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?

<p>In the bone marrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to spiky RBCs, commonly seen in liver disease?

<p>Acanthocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by low levels of red blood cells or hemoglobin?

<p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Reticulocyte Count measure?

<p>Immature RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high white blood cell count (WBC) generally indicate?

<p>Infection or inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lineages produce B cells and T cells?

<p>Lymphoid lineage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood makes up approximately 55% of its volume?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a low platelet count?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in defending against parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thrombocytopenia

A condition marked by a low platelet count, making it easier to bruise and bleed.

Polycythemia

An overproduction of red blood cells (RBCs), thickening the blood and increasing the risk of clotting.

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder that prevents blood from clotting properly due to missing clotting factors.

Peripheral Blood Smear

A microscopic examination of a blood sample to assess the size, shape, and number of blood cells.

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Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy

A procedure involving taking a sample of bone marrow to diagnose blood cancers and bone marrow disorders.

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Coagulation Tests

Tests that evaluate the blood's ability to clot, including Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT).

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Reticulocyte Count

A measure of immature red blood cells (RBCs) that helps assess bone marrow activity.

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Microcytic RBCs

Small red blood cells (RBCs) commonly seen in iron deficiency anemia.

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What is Hematology?

The study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood disorders. It helps diagnose, treat, and manage diseases related to blood and the immune system.

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What is plasma?

Fluid component of blood, making up 55% of its volume. Transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

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What is the function of red blood cells?

Red blood cells (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

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What is the function of white blood cells?

White blood cells (WBCs) are the body's defense against infections, playing a crucial role in immunity.

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What is the function of platelets?

Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell fragments that help in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.

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What is hematopoiesis?

The process of forming new blood cells, mainly occurring in the bone marrow of adults.

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What is a complete blood count (CBC) and what does it measure?

A complete blood count (CBC) assesses levels of RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBCs, and platelets, providing insights into blood health and potential disorders.

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What is anemia?

A condition where RBCs or hemoglobin levels are low, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Common causes include iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency.

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Study Notes

Hematology Review

  • Hematology studies blood, blood-forming organs, and blood disorders. It's crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and management of blood-related and immune system diseases.

Blood Components

  • Plasma: Makes up 55% of blood volume. Transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, and waste products.
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Also called erythrocytes. Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to lungs.
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Also called leukocytes. Defend against infections and play a role in immunity. Include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes): Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting, preventing bleeding.

Hematopoiesis

  • Hematopoiesis is blood cell formation. In fetuses, this happens in the liver and spleen. In adults, it primarily occurs in the bone marrow.
  • Blood Cell Lineages:
    • Myeloid: Produces RBCs, platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).
    • Lymphoid: Produces B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Complete Blood Count (CBC) Parameters

  • Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): Indicates oxygen-carrying capacity. Low levels suggest anemia, high suggests polycythemia.
  • Hemoglobin (Hb): Measures oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs. Low levels indicate anemia.
  • Hematocrit (Hct): Percentage of RBCs in blood. Low in anemia, high in dehydration.
  • White Blood Cell Count (WBC): Reflects immune function. High levels may indicate infection, low levels may suggest immune suppression.
  • Platelet Count: Evaluates clotting ability. Low levels (thrombocytopenia) increase bleeding risk; high levels (thrombocytosis) may cause clotting.

Common Blood Disorders

  • Anemia: Condition where RBCs or hemoglobin levels are low. Causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and blood loss.
  • Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells, leading to uncontrolled WBC production. Can be acute or chronic.
  • Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count leading to easy bruising and bleeding.
  • Polycythemia: Excess production of RBCs, increasing blood thickness and risk of clotting.
  • Hemophilia: Genetic disorder where blood doesn't clot properly due to missing clotting factors.

Diagnostic Procedures

  • Peripheral Blood Smear: Examines blood cell size, shape, and number under a microscope for abnormalities.
  • Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: Used to diagnose blood cancers and bone marrow disorders.
  • Coagulation Tests: Evaluate blood's clotting ability, including Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT).
  • Reticulocyte Count: Measures immature RBCs to assess bone marrow activity.

Blood Cell Morphology Abnormalities

  • Microcytic RBCs: Small RBCs, common in iron deficiency anemia.
  • Macrocytic RBCs: Large RBCs, often due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
  • Hypochromic RBCs: Pale RBCs due to low hemoglobin.
  • Sickle Cells: Crescent-shaped RBCs in sickle cell anemia.
  • Acanthocytes: Spiky RBCs, seen in liver disease.
  • Teardrop Cells: Seen in bone marrow disorders like myelofibrosis.

Hemostasis and Coagulation

  • Hemostasis: Process stopping bleeding, involving blood vessel constriction, platelet plug formation, and clot formation.
  • Coagulation Cascade: Series of steps involving clotting factors leading to clot formation (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways).

Blood Typing and Compatibility

  • ABO Blood Group System: Based on A and B antigens on RBCs (A, B, AB, O types).
  • Rh Factor: Presence or absence of Rh antigen (positive or negative).

Bone Marrow and Conditions

  • Bone marrow produces blood cells.
  • Hypercellular marrow: Seen in leukemia due to excessive cell production.
  • Hypocellular marrow: Seen in aplastic anemia due to reduced production.
  • Marrow Cell stages: Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte, Band cell, Mature granulocyte.

Key Points

  • Blood is composed of plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, each with specific functions.
  • Hematopoiesis mainly occurs in bone marrow in adults.
  • Common blood-related diseases include anemia, leukemia, and clotting disorders.
  • CBC and peripheral blood smears are diagnostic tools.
  • Coagulation cascade essential for blood clotting. Understanding blood types essential for safe transfusions.

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