Hematology: Anemia and Blood Tests
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical reticulocyte count in healthy individuals?

  • 0.5-1%
  • 1-2% (correct)
  • 3-4%
  • 2-3%

    • Macrocytic anemia is associated with decreased production of red blood corpuscles.

    False

    Name one condition that can lead to increased destruction of red blood corpuscles.

    Hemolytic anemia

    Anemia due to iron deficiency results in ________ RBC morphology.

    <p>Microcytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of anemia with their associated causes:

    <p>Aplastic anemia = Decreased production Pernicious anemia = Decreased maturation Sickle cell anemia = Increased destruction Iron deficiency anemia = Decreased maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in reticulocyte count is expected in hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sickle-shaped RBCs are an indicator of increased destruction in sickle cell anemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one type of anemia caused by decreased maturation of RBCs.

    <p>Folic acid deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of a standard haemogram (CBC)?

    <p>Blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is used to evaluate blood chemistry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one test included in the tests for diabetes mellitus.

    <p>Blood Glucose Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testing for ____ function is part of the tests for haemostasis.

    <p>Platelet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the laboratory investigation type with its corresponding test:

    <p>Haemogram (CBC) = Red blood cell count Tests for Haemostasis = Platelet count Tests for Diabetes Mellitus = Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) Blood Chemistry = Electrolyte levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investigation would you use to assess the clotting factors?

    <p>Tests for Haemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self assessment tests are used to monitor blood glucose levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test might be performed to determine if someone has ketoacidosis?

    <p>Blood chemistry analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is specifically used to assess glucose levels over a period of time in diabetes management?

    <p>Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood diseases do not impact dental treatments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main types of tests included in a complete blood count?

    <p>Red blood cell count, Hemoglobin concentration, Total white blood cell count, Differential white blood cell count, Platelet count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The test used to evaluate kidney function is known as __________.

    <p>Glucose tolerance test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tests with their purposes:

    <p>Glycosylated Hemoglobin = Diabetes management Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) = Inflammation assessment Complete Blood Count = General health check Ketoacidosis testing = Acid-base imbalance evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would NOT typically show oral manifestations?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The differential white blood cell count is part of the haemogram.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one reason why blood tests are important for dentists.

    <p>Some blood diseases show oral manifestations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?

    <p>34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are primarily involved in the defense against bacterial infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hemoglobin concentration indicates hypochromic anemia?

    <p>Less than 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both B-cells and T-cells are types of ______ which play a role in immune response.

    <p>lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell components with their primary function:

    <p>Neutrophils = Defense against bacterial infections Eosinophils = Defense against parasitic infections Basophils = Role in allergic reactions Monocytes = Phagocytosis and antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely associated with leukocytosis?

    <p>Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children have a lower normal white blood cell count than adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the normal white blood cell count ranges for adults?

    <p>4,000-11,000/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered normal glucose tolerance for 2 hours post-prandial glucose (2h PPG)?

    <p>2h PPG &lt; 140 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 2h PPG value greater than 200 mg/dl indicates a provisional diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fasting blood glucose level considered normal?

    <p>approximately 100 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the glucose tolerance test, a measured dose of glucose can be administrated either orally as _____ grams or intravenously as 0.5 mg glucose per kg body weight.

    <p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the glucose levels with their time post-glucose administration for a glucose tolerance test:

    <p>Fasting = approximately 100 mg/dl ½ hour = 120-160 mg/dl 1 hour = 160 mg/dl 2 hours = greater than 200 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the glucose tolerance test?

    <p>Cheap and quick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood samples for a glucose tolerance test are typically taken at ½ hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after glucose administration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disadvantage of the glucose tolerance test.

    <p>Time-consuming or expensive or exhausting for the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tests are performed for Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Total Glucose Tolerance Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a test for kidney function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HbA1C stand for?

    <p>Glycosylated Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total _____ count is measured in WBC/mm3.

    <p>white blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is least likely to be associated with evaluating liver function?

    <p>Ketoacidosis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-assessment tests are designed for blood sampling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CBC stand for in the context of testing?

    <p>Complete Blood Count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laboratory Investigations

    • Presented by Dr. Maha Abdelkawy Fahmy, Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Beni-Suef University
    • Includes various laboratory investigations, including complete blood count (CBC), tests for hemostasis, diabetes mellitus, blood chemistry, and biopsy

    1- Haemogram (CBC) (Complete Blood Count)

    • Includes:
      • Red blood cell count (RBC/mm3)
      • Hemoglobin concentration (Hb %)
      • Total white blood cell count (WBC/mm3)
      • Differential white blood cell count
      • Platelet count
      • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

    2- Tests for Haemostasis

    • Testing Capillary Function (Hess test)
    • Testing Platelet Function (PFA-100)
    • Testing Clotting Factors (various tests)

    3- Tests for Diabetes Mellitus

    • Test Paper Strips
    • Blood Glucose Level (casual/random, fasting)
    • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
    • Urinary Glucose
    • Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
    • Ketoacidosis
    • Self Assessment tests

    4- Blood Chemistry

    • Tests to check Liver function (Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum transaminases, Serum bilirubin, Blood glucose level, Blood urea nitrogen)
    • Tests to check Kidney function (Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine level, Creatinine clearance, Uric acid)
    • Tests for patients with multiple jaw bone lesions (Alkaline phosphatase enzyme, Serum Ca, Serum P)

    5- Biopsy

    • Microscopic examination of tissues from the living body to reach a definite diagnosis.

    • Indications:

      • When careful examination fails to reach the diagnosis
      • To recognize precancerous lesions
      • Lesions which present clinical signs of malignancy
      • Lesions that failed to respond to therapy
      • To differentiate between lesions
      • When there is doubt

    • Principles of Biopsy surgery:

      • Anesthesia: Nerve block preferred over infiltration
      • Tissue Stabilization: Specialised retractors, traction sutures, digital stabilization. Avoid crushing.
      • Hemostasis: Gauze compresses adequate, Avoid Suction devices.
      • Incisions: Multiple scalpels, sufficient tissue, include clinically normal tissue for comparison.
      • Handling Specimen Care: Place in large mouthed bottle, use 10% formalin, for thin specimens place on glazed paper.

    • Types of Biopsy:

      • Excisional
      • Incisional
      • Aspiration
      • Punch
      • Drill
      • Exfoliative Cytology
      • Brush

    Additional Topics

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):

      • Functioning: Carrying oxygen
      • Maturation: Reticulocytes (1-2% of RBC count), unnucleated, no RNA
      • Life Span: 120 days, destroyed in liver and spleen
      • Morphology: Biconcave discs, 2 microns thick

    • Hemoglobin concentration: Normal range and conditions causing deviations

    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):

      • Types: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
      • Functions of different cell types
      • Normal range and disorders

    • Platelet count: Normal range and conditions causing deviations

    • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): Indicates an active disease process

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV): Markers and interpretation

    • Hepatitis C virus (HCV): Diagnosis based on anti-HCV IgG and PCR

    • Importance of liver function tests in dentistry: Link between liver function and clotting factors, infectivity risks, and drug metabolism

    • Kidney function tests (BUN, Uric acid, Serum Creatinine): Normal ranges and associated clinical conditions (Renal failure, Gout, Cancer)

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    Laboratory Investigations PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in hematology, particularly focusing on various types of anemia, reticulocyte counts, and laboratory investigations. Test your knowledge on the causes, characteristics, and diagnostic tests associated with blood disorders and functions. Ideal for students studying medical or biological sciences.

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