Hematology and Blood Cell Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the genetic basis of sickle-cell anemia?

  • Point mutation of the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 11 (correct)
  • Missense mutation of the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 8
  • Point mutation of the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 12
  • Frameshift mutation of the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 14

    • What is the result of the point mutation in sickle-cell anemia?

  • GAG (Glu) to GTG (Val) on chromosome 11 (correct)
  • GAG (Glu) to GTG (Val) on chromosome 14
  • GTG (Val) to GAG (Glu) on chromosome 11
  • GAG (Glu) to GTG (Val) on chromosome 12

    • What is the advantage of being heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia?

  • Resistance to malaria (correct)
  • Increased risk of infections
  • Increased risk of stroke
  • Organ damage

    • What is the characteristic of RBCs in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Stiff and sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of RBCs in hereditary elliptocytosis?

    <p>Oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Cabot's ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of RBCs sticking together in Rouleaux formation?

    <p>High fibrinogen reacts with sialic acid on RBC surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nuclear remnants in circulating RBCs seen in damaged or absent spleen?

    <p>Howell-Jolly bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of RBCs in stomatocytosis?

    <p>Bowl-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fragmented RBCs from mechanical destruction?

    <p>Schistocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the most abundant formed element in blood?

    <p>Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high osmolarity in blood?

    <p>Water is drawn from tissues into blood, increasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is involved in allergic reactions and attacks parasites?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of circulating leukocytes accounted for by PMN leukocytes?

    <p>20-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the viscosity of whole blood to that of water?

    <p>5:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Ceruloplasmin?

    <p>Binding of copper ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of plasma total weight comprised of other solutes?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hormone?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of sodium ions in the blood?

    <p>135-145 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that binds to hemoglobin?

    <p>Haptoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the increased surface area to volume ratio in erythrocytes?

    <p>To facilitate the diffusion of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cytoplasmic protein content is composed of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes?

    <p>To regulate pH balance by producing carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of blood volume composed of erythrocytes in women?

    <p>42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average life cycle of erythrocytes?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of myeloid hemopoiesis?

    <p>Red Bone Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between granulocytes and lymphocytes in terms of circulation?

    <p>Granulocytes migrate one-way into target tissues, while lymphocytes continually circulate between blood, tissues, and lymphatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in hemoglobin's shape when it binds to oxygen?

    <p>It changes shape and oxygen binds more easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily production of platelets in an average adult?

    <p>400 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

    <p>To stimulate the maturation of progenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body produces white blood cells?

    <p>Leukopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between bilirubin and glucoronic acid in the RBC life cycle?

    <p>Bilirubin combines with glucoronic acid to form conjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iron in the RBC life cycle?

    <p>Iron is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body recycles hemoglobin from senescent RBCs?

    <p>Hemoglobin recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of hematopoiesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Mitosis = Proliferation Maturation = Differentiation Erythropoiesis = RBC Development Hematopoiesis = Blood cell production in adult bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of stem cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Totipotent = Can become any cell of the body Pluripotent = Can grow into different kinds of tissue Multipotent = Can differentiate into many different types of cells Hematopoietic = Primary site in adult bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to erythrocyte development with their descriptions:

    <p>Erythropoiesis = RBC Development Reticulocyte count = Index of erythropoietic activity Hemoglobin = Increases in each step of erythropoiesis Nucleus = Size decreases in each step of erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bone marrow with their characteristics:

    <p>Red bone marrow = Active site of hematopoiesis in adults Yellow bone marrow = _inactive site of hematopoiesis in adults Myeloid tissue = Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells Pelvic bone marrow = One of the primary sites of hematopoiesis in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to hematopoiesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Bone marrow = Site of hematopoiesis in adults Hematopoiesis = Blood cell production in adult bone marrow Erythrocyte differentiation = Involves increase in hemoglobin and decrease in nucleus size Hematopoietic stem cells = Primary site in adult bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or ______ growth factors:

    <p>hematopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukopoiesis is the process of producing ______ blood cells.

    <p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs are an important part of the ______ cycle.

    <p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heme ______ is an important process in RBCs.

    <p>metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hgb ______ is an important process in RBCs.

    <p>recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBC ______ is the process by which RBCs mature and die.

    <p>life-cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the RBC life-cycle, bilirubin and ______ combine to form conjugated bilirubin.

    <p>glucoronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin and ______ combine in the blood to form unconjugated bilirubin.

    <p>albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoietic growth factors can be used to increase ______.

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate ______ cells to mature.

    <p>progenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal ______________ inherited disorder.

    <p>recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Point mutation of the hemoglobin gene occurs from GAG (Glu) to GTG (_____________) on chromosome 11.

    <p>Val</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs in sickle-cell anemia are ______________ and sticky, tend to clump and get stuck.

    <p>stiff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterozygote advantage of sickle-cell anemia leads to an increase in incidence in certain populations due to resistance to ______________.

    <p>malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Target cell is formed due to precipitated ______________.

    <p>Hgb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acanthocyte is a type of RBC with a ______________ shape due to alteration in membrane lipids.

    <p>thorny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pappenheimer bodies are formed due to excessive ______________ granules.

    <p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophilic stippling is caused by ______________ from myelodysplastic syndrome or heavy metal poisoning.

    <p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rouleaux formation is caused by high ______________ reacting with sialic acid on RBC surface.

    <p>fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cabot's ring is a remnant of ______________ spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia.

    <p>mitotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with sickle-cell trait is resistant to malaria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Target cell is formed due to precipitated hemoglobin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovalocyte is a type of RBC seen in hereditary elliptocytosis with a circular shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomatocyte is a type of RBC with a bowl-shaped morphology due to membrane defect.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acanthocyte is a type of RBC with a spherical shape due to alteration in membrane lipids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pappenheimer bodies are formed due to excessive iron granules in sideroblasts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophilic stippling is caused by ribosomes in myelodysplastic syndrome or heavy metal poisoning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rouleaux formation is caused by high fibrinogen reacting with sialic acid on RBC surface.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cabot's ring is a remnant of mitotic spindles seen in sickle-cell anemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the point mutation in the hemoglobin gene in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Stiff and sticky RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RBC has a morphology characterized by a bowl-shaped appearance?

    <p>Stomatocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of being heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Resistance to malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Pappenheimer bodies?

    <p>Excessive iron granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RBC is characterized by a thorny appearance?

    <p>Acanthocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition in which the malaria parasite is unable to reproduce in the RBCs?

    <p>Sickle-cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of RBCs in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Stiff and sickle-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the point mutation in the hemoglobin gene on the RBCs in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>RBCs become more sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the RBCs sticking together in Rouleaux formation?

    <p>High fibrinogen reacting with sialic acid on the RBC surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Cabot's ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of hematopoietic stem cells in adults?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of blood cell production in adults?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of totipotent cells?

    <p>Can become any cell of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of erythrocyte development in the process of erythropoiesis?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the index of erythropoietic activity?

    <p>Reticulocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of stem cell that has unlimited differentiation potential and can grow into different kinds of tissue?

    <p>Pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many red blood cells are produced every second?

    <p>2.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Haptoglobin?

    <p>To bind free hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is responsible for maintaining proper muscle and nerve function?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

    <p>To stimulate the production of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body produces white blood cells?

    <p>Leukopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Transferrin?

    <p>To transport iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

    <p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a regulatory substance found in the blood?

    <p>Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Ceruloplasmin?

    <p>To transport copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which red blood cells mature and die?

    <p>RBC Life-Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Cabot's ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a waste product found in the blood?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fragmented red blood cells from mechanical destruction?

    <p>Schistocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of calcium ions in the blood?

    <p>8.4-10.6 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heme metabolism?

    <p>To synthesize hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the protein chains in hemoglobin that conjugate with the heme groups?

    <p>Alpha-helical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the body produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

    <p>Hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the circulation of granulocytes and lymphocytes?

    <p>Granulocytes circulate in the blood vessels and migrate one-way into target tissues, while lymphocytes travel in both blood and lymphatic vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of myeloid hemopoiesis?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the heme groups in hemoglobin?

    <p>To bind to oxygen molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily production of red blood cells in an adult?

    <p>200 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin B12 in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Synthesis of DNA and maturation of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a high hematocrit (>65%)?

    <p>Increased viscosity and resistance, high blood pressure, and risk of stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of copper in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Required for mobilization of iron from tissues to plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin C in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Iron metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anemia?

    <p>Low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin B6 in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Heme synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult males?

    <p>40-54%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iron in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Heme synthesis and oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of polycythemia?

    <p>High hematocrit (&gt;65%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin E in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Oxidative reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?

    <p>To stimulate progenitor cells to mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing white blood cells?

    <p>Leukopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body recycles hemoglobin from senescent RBCs?

    <p>Heme metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life cycle of RBCs characterized by?

    <p>Unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hematopoietic growth factors?

    <p>To stimulate progenitor cells to mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the point mutation in the hemoglobin gene in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Glu to Val</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of RBCs in hereditary elliptocytosis?

    <p>Oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of RBCs in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Stiff and sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of being heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Resistance to malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body recycles hemoglobin from senescent RBCs?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of RBCs sticking together in Rouleaux formation?

    <p>High fibrinogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Cabot's ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of RBCs in thalassemia?

    <p>Tear drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fragments of RBCs from mechanical destruction?

    <p>Schistocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Basophilic stippling in RBCs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the mutation in the hemoglobin gene in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>GAG (Glu) to GTG (Val)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of red blood cells in hereditary elliptocytosis?

    <p>Oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fragments of red blood cells from mechanical destruction?

    <p>Schistocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of being heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Resistance to malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of red blood cells in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Stiff and sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Cabot's rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Rouleaux formation?

    <p>High fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nuclear remnants in circulating red blood cells?

    <p>Howell-Jolly bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of target cells?

    <p>Precipitated hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of red blood cells in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Sickle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of hematopoietic stem cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the index of erythropoietic activity?

    <p>Reticulocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of erythrocyte development?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells can become any cell of the body?

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of hematopoiesis does differentiation occur?

    <p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the primary site of active bone marrow in adults?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the process of hematopoiesis?

    <p>Production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hematopoiesis in the body?

    <p>To replace blood cells that grow old and die, are killed by disease, or are lost through bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of reticulocyte count?

    <p>&lt; 1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematologic System Components

    • Formed elements (45% by volume):
      • Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
      • White Blood Cells (WBCs)
      • Platelets
    • Plasma proteins (7% by volume):
      • Albumin (57%): carrier function, controls plasma osmotic pressure
      • Globulins (38%): α, β, γ, including antibodies (Ig), clotting factors, and transport proteins
      • Clotting factors (5%): synthesized in the liver
    • Other solutes (2% by volume):
      • Electrolytes (ions): sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate
      • Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
      • Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
      • Waste products: urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    • Function: gas transport and exchange
    • Characteristics:
      • Biconcavity: high surface-to-volume ratio for optimal gas diffusion
      • Reversible deformity: enables RBCs to squeeze through microcirculation
      • No nucleus or mitochondria: cannot divide, constantly replenished
      • 120-day life cycle
    • Hemoglobin (Hb):
      • Oxygen-carrying protein
      • Composed of 4 heme groups conjugated with 4 protein chains (2 α and 2 β)
      • Each Hb molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules
      • Can also transport some carbon dioxide
    • RBC development:
      • Erythropoiesis: production of RBCs in bone marrow
      • Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone produced by kidneys, stimulates RBC production
      • Development takes 3-5 days

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    • Types:
      • Neutrophils (45-75%): phagocytosis, involved in allergic reactions
      • Lymphocytes (20-40%): involved in immune response, produce antibodies
      • Monocytes (2-8%): mature into macrophages, involved in immune response
      • Eosinophils (1-4%): involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions
      • Basophils (0.5-1%): involved in allergic reactions
    • Functions:
      • Phagocytosis
      • Antibody production
      • Immune response
      • Inflammation

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Function: blood clotting
    • Characteristics:
      • Small, irregular shapes
      • Produced in bone marrow
      • 7-10 day life cycle
    • Development:
      • Thrombopoiesis: production of platelets in bone marrow
      • Thrombopoietin: hormone produced by liver, stimulates platelet production

    Hematopoiesis

    • Definition: production of blood cells
    • Locations:
      • Bone marrow (adult)
      • Liver and/or spleen (fetus)
    • Process:
      • Two stages: mitosis (proliferation) and maturation (differentiation)
      • Continues throughout life to replace blood cells
    • Types of stem cells:
      • Totipotent: can become any cell of the body
      • Pluripotent: can differentiate into multiple types of cells
      • Multipotent: can differentiate into several types of cells

    Sickle-cell Anemia

    • Definition: autosomal recessive inherited disorder
    • Characteristics:
      • Point mutation of hemoglobin gene
      • Stiff and sticky RBCs, leading to blocked blood flow and tissue damage
      • Pain, infections, stroke, and organ damage
      • Heterozygotes (carriers) have sickle-cell trait, resistant to malaria### Hematologic System
    • The hematologic system consists of formed elements (45% by volume) and plasma proteins.
    • Formed elements include:
      • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
      • Leukocytes (WBCs): involved in allergic reactions and parasite attacks
      • Platelets: form platelet plug in hemostasis, contain histamine and heparin

    Erythropoiesis

    • Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the production and release of RBCs from the bone marrow.
    • Produced by interstitial cells in the kidneys.
    • Hypoxia stimulates the production and release of EPO.

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumin (57%): functions as carriers and controls plasma osmotic pressure
    • Globulins (38%): includes alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
    • Clotting factors (5%): includes factors involved in blood clotting

    Hemostatic Mechanism

    • Platelets play a key role in hemostasis.
    • The coagulation cascade involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
    • Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator (PA) are involved in fibrinolysis.

    Blood Typing

    • Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on RBC surfaces.
    • ABO blood group system: defines four main blood types (A, B, AB, and O)

    Hemopoiesis

    • Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
    • Totipotent stem cells differentiate into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
    • Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate the production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

    Iron Cycle

    • Iron is essential for hemoglobin production.
    • Iron is stored in the liver and released as needed.
    • Iron deficiency can lead to anemia.

    Blood Cell Development

    • Granulocytes (WBCs) and monocytes develop from myeloid stem cells.
    • Lymphocytes develop from lymphoid stem cells.
    • Platelets develop from megakaryocytes.

    RBC Morphology

    • RBCs have a biconcave disk shape.
    • Abnormal shapes include target cells, spherocytes, ovalocytes, stomatocytes, and acanthocytes.

    Sickle-Cell Anemia

    • Autosomal recessive inherited disorder.
    • Point mutation of the hemoglobin gene.
    • Stiff and sticky RBCs tend to clump and get stuck, blocking blood flow.

    Blood Cell Production and Destruction

    • Average adult production per day: 10 billion WBCs, 200 billion RBCs, and 400 billion platelets.
    • RBCs have a lifespan of 120 days, WBCs have a variable lifespan, and platelets have a lifespan of 8-12 days.Here are the study notes for the text:

    Hematopoiesis

    • Blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen in the fetus
    • Two stages: Mitosis (proliferation) and Maturation (differentiation)
    • Continues throughout life to replace blood cells that grow old and die, are killed by disease, or are lost through bleeding

    Bone Marrow

    • Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells
    • Also called myeloid tissue
    • Red versus yellow bone marrow
    • Adult active bone marrow: pelvic bones, vertebrae, cranium & mandible, sternum & ribs, humerus, and femur

    Erythropoiesis (RBC Development)

    • Erythrocyte differentiation
    • In each step, hemoglobin increases and nucleus size decreases
    • Development takes 3 – 5 days
    • Reticulocyte count: Index of erythropoietic activity
    • Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced
    • Normal range < 1.5%

    Hematopoiesis

    • Totipotent: cells that can become any cell of the body
    • Pluripotent: cells continue to have unlimited differentiation potential and can grow into different kinds of tissue
    • Multipotent: cells are more limited but have abilities to differentiate into many different types of cells
    • Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or hematopoietic growth factors: Stimulate progenitor cells to mature; can be used to increase neutrophils

    RBC Morphology

    • Target cell - precipitated Hgb (Causes: Sickle-cell, Thalassemias, low Fe)
    • Spherocyte - a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia
    • Ovalocyte - hereditary elliptocytosis (destabilization of cytoskeletal scaffold)
    • Stomatocyte - bowl shaped, loses biconcavity due to membrane defect
    • Acanthocyte - thorny cells - alteration in membrane lipids (abetalipoproteinemia)
    • Helmet cell/Schistocytes - fragmented rbcs from mechanical destruction
    • Tear drop "dacrocyte" - from Hgb defect in Beta Thalassemia
    • Burr cell - many causes - from mix with anticoag (EDTA - ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) also seen in uremia, PKd (pyruvate kinase deficiency), low Mg, low Phos
    • Pappenheimer bodies/found in sideroblasts - excessive iron granules
    • Cabot's ring - remnants of mitotic spindles seen in megaloblastic anemia
    • Basophilic stippling - ribosomes from myelodysplastic syndrome, heavy metal poisoning
    • Howell-Jolly bodies - nuclear remnants in circulating RBCs - seen in damaged or absent spleen
    • Rouleaux - high fibrinogen reacts with sialic acid on RBC surface, causes them to stick together surface-to-surface

    Anemia and Polycythemia

    • Anemia: Low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
      • Low RBC count/volume
      • Hematocrit - percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
      • Normal female range = 38 - 46% (average 42%)
      • Normal male range = 40 - 54% (average 46%)
      • Low hematocrit indicates anemia (< 38%)
    • Polycythemia: high hematocrit (>65%)
      • Will cause: increased viscosity/resistance, high BP, risk of stroke
      • Signs: Erythroid hyperplasia (high reticulocytes), tissue hypoxia, high EPO

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    Hematologic Part 1 2024 Presentation PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the process of blood cell production, including the role of colony-stimulating factors, leukopoiesis, and the iron cycle in RBC production. It also touches on heme metabolism. Test your knowledge of these essential concepts in hematology!

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