Hematology: Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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What is the characteristic chromosomal abnormality associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?

t(9; 22) (q11; q34) translocation (correct)

t(22; 11) (q9; q34) translocation

t(22; 9) (q34; q11) translocation

t(11; 22) (q34; q9) translocation

Which symptoms are commonly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?

Tachycardia, pallor, and decreased leukocyte count

Weight loss, anorexia, and splenomegaly (correct)

Visual disturbances, hypotension, and hyperuricemia

Weight gain, euphoria, and decreased platelet count

What is the male to female ratio in chronic myeloid leukemia?

3 : 1

2 : 1

1 : 2

1.4 : 1 (correct)

What is the most frequently affected age group in chronic myeloid leukemia?

40-60 years (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia?

Increased circulating basophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gene fusion associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?

BCR - ABL1 fusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells are affected in chronic myeloid leukemia?

Pluripotent stem cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which translocation results in the Ph chromosome in chronic myeloid leukemia?

(9; 22) (q34; q11) (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of cases is the BCR - ABL1 gene fusion present in chronic myeloid leukemia?

~90% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults?

Acute myeloid leukemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does acute myeloid leukemia become increasingly common?

65 years (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of anemia in acute myeloid leukemia?

Normochromic normocytic anemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the blood film examination of acute myeloid leukemia?

Variable numbers of blast cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical characteristic of blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia?

Contain prominent granules or multiple Auer rods (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which tests are often positive in patients with the promyelocytic variant of AML?

DIC tests (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are used to classify the majority of cases of AML?

Cytogenetic abnormalities (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are chronic leukemias distinguished from acute leukemias?

By their slower progression (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are commonly affected by cytogenetic abnormalities in AML?

Core binding factor genes CBF α or CBF β (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically revealed by biochemical tests in AML before treatment begins?

Raised uric acid or lactate dehydrogenase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of macrocytic anemia?

Abnormally large red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency can cause defective DNA synthesis and lead to megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12 (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is vitamin B12 acquired by animals?

By consuming other animal foods (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the glycoprotein that combines with vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption?

Intrinsic factor (IF) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of food does not naturally contain vitamin B12?

Fruits (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of a deficiency in folate or vitamin B12 on red blood cells?

Macrocytosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific surface receptor for IF that can bind to the IF-B12 complex?

Cubilin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What protein directs the endocytosis of the cubilin IF-B12 complex in the distal ileum?

Amnionless (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma-binding protein delivers B12 to bone marrow and other tissues?

Transcobalamin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the coenzyme for methionine synthase, responsible for methylation of homocysteine to methionine?

Transcobalamin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to cause megaloblastic anemia by inhibiting thymidylate synthesis?

Folate (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency can cause a progressive neuropathy affecting the peripheral sensory nerves and posterior and lateral columns?

Transcobalamin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does deficiency in the mother predispose to in the fetus?

Neural tube defect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically used for the treatment of B12 deficiency?

Hydroxocobalamin injections (D) Signup and view all the answers

How are dietary folates converted once inside the cell?

They are converted to folate polyglutamates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What results from increased ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?

Jaundice (D) Signup and view all the answers