35 Questions
What is the characteristic chromosomal abnormality associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
t(9; 22) (q11; q34) translocation
Which symptoms are commonly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?
Weight loss, anorexia, and splenomegaly
What is the male to female ratio in chronic myeloid leukemia?
1.4 : 1
What is the most frequently affected age group in chronic myeloid leukemia?
40-60 years
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia?
Increased circulating basophils
What is the gene fusion associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?
BCR - ABL1 fusion
What type of stem cells are affected in chronic myeloid leukemia?
Pluripotent stem cells
Which translocation results in the Ph chromosome in chronic myeloid leukemia?
(9; 22) (q34; q11)
In what percentage of cases is the BCR - ABL1 gene fusion present in chronic myeloid leukemia?
~90%
What is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults?
Acute myeloid leukemia
At what age does acute myeloid leukemia become increasingly common?
65 years
What is the typical presentation of anemia in acute myeloid leukemia?
Normochromic normocytic anemia
What is typically observed in the blood film examination of acute myeloid leukemia?
Variable numbers of blast cells
What is the typical characteristic of blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia?
Contain prominent granules or multiple Auer rods
Which tests are often positive in patients with the promyelocytic variant of AML?
DIC tests
What are used to classify the majority of cases of AML?
Cytogenetic abnormalities
How are chronic leukemias distinguished from acute leukemias?
By their slower progression
Which genes are commonly affected by cytogenetic abnormalities in AML?
Core binding factor genes CBF α or CBF β
What is typically revealed by biochemical tests in AML before treatment begins?
Raised uric acid or lactate dehydrogenase
What is the defining characteristic of macrocytic anemia?
Abnormally large red blood cells
Which vitamin deficiency can cause defective DNA synthesis and lead to megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B12
How is vitamin B12 acquired by animals?
By consuming other animal foods
What is the glycoprotein that combines with vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption?
Intrinsic factor (IF)
Which type of food does not naturally contain vitamin B12?
Fruits
What is the main effect of a deficiency in folate or vitamin B12 on red blood cells?
Macrocytosis
What is the specific surface receptor for IF that can bind to the IF-B12 complex?
Cubilin
What protein directs the endocytosis of the cubilin IF-B12 complex in the distal ileum?
Amnionless
Which plasma-binding protein delivers B12 to bone marrow and other tissues?
Transcobalamin
What is the coenzyme for methionine synthase, responsible for methylation of homocysteine to methionine?
Transcobalamin
What is thought to cause megaloblastic anemia by inhibiting thymidylate synthesis?
Folate
Which deficiency can cause a progressive neuropathy affecting the peripheral sensory nerves and posterior and lateral columns?
Transcobalamin
What does deficiency in the mother predispose to in the fetus?
Neural tube defect
What is typically used for the treatment of B12 deficiency?
Hydroxocobalamin injections
How are dietary folates converted once inside the cell?
They are converted to folate polyglutamates
What results from increased ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?
Jaundice
Test your knowledge about acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common form of acute leukemia in adults. Explore hematological investigations and characteristic blood film examinations.
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