Hematological System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of white blood cells?

  • Clean up cellular debris
  • Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body (correct)
  • Destroy abnormal cells
  • Destroy invading microorganisms

    • What is the primary function of platelets?

  • To transport oxygen to the tissues
  • To fight off infections
  • To provide structural support for blood vessels
  • To stop bleeding from a damaged vessel (correct)

    • Which type of white blood cell is most abundant in the blood?

  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes

    • What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>120 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells in the circulation?

    <p>Polycythemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell plays a crucial role in allergic reactions?

    <p>Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocytes?

    <p>To destroy bacteria and debris via phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of stopping bleeding from a damaged vessel?

    <p>Hemostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?

    <p>55% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the regulation of pH and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of globulins in blood?

    <p>Immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Production of glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains after the blood has clotted?

    <p>Serum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood cell type is primarily involved in defending the body against infection?

    <p>Leukocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Facilitating clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood contribute to homeostasis?

    <p>By managing body temperature and pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate effect does vascular spasm have after blood vessel damage?

    <p>Decreases blood loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ADP play in the formation of a platelet plug?

    <p>Attracts more platelets to the site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the transformation occurring during blood coagulation?

    <p>Blood transforms from liquid to solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibrin in the clotting process?

    <p>Forms the meshwork of the clot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for dissolving a clot after it has formed?

    <p>Plasmin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of inappropriate clot formation?

    <p>Venous thromboembolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a deficiency of platelets?

    <p>Diffuse hemorrhages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the activation of plasminogen during the clotting process?

    <p>Activation by Factor XII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Blood Composition

    Blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements, including red cells, white cells, and platelets.

    Plasma

    Plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood, primarily composed of 91.5% water and contains proteins and solutes.

    Functions of Plasma

    Plasma functions in transport, osmotic distribution, and buffering pH changes.

    Serum

    Serum is the liquid that remains after blood has clotted, lacking clotting proteins.

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    Transport Function of Blood

    Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells.

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    Protection from Blood Loss

    Blood prevents excessive fluid loss through damaged vessels, aided by platelets and clotting proteins.

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    Protection against Infection

    Blood defends against pathogens and toxins, primarily via white blood cells.

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    Regulation of Homeostasis

    Blood regulates pH, electrolyte composition, and body temperature, stabilizing fluid composition.

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    Vascular Spasm

    Immediate constriction of a damaged blood vessel to minimize blood loss.

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    Platelet Plug Formation

    Process where platelets attach to exposed collagen and aggregate to form a plug.

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    ADP in Hemostasis

    Chemical released by activated platelets to attract more platelets.

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    Thromboxane A2

    A powerful vasoconstrictor released by aggregating platelets, promoting more platelet aggregation.

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    Clotting Cascade

    The series of steps leading to blood coagulation, transforming liquid blood to solid clot.

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    Fibrin

    A thread-like protein that forms a meshwork to create a stable blood clot.

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    Hemophilia

    A condition leading to excessive bleeding due to insufficient clotting factors.

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    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells and assist with CO2 removal.

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    Hemoglobin

    A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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    Life Span of RBCs

    Red blood cells have a short life span of about 120 days.

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    Anemia

    A condition characterized by low hemoglobin, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

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    Polycythemia

    A condition with abnormally high hematocrit or too many red blood cells in circulation.

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    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Cells that form part of the body's defense system against infections and diseases.

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    Neutrophils

    The most abundant type of white blood cell, involved in inflammatory responses and phagocytosis.

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    Eosinophils

    White blood cells that attack parasitic worms and are important in allergic reactions.

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    Platelets

    Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting and stopping bleeding from damaged vessels.

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    Lymphocytes

    White blood cells that include B-lymphocytes (produce antibodies) and T-lymphocytes (destroy infected cells).

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    Study Notes

    Hematological System Overview

    • Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (red cells, white cells, and platelets).
    • Total blood volume is 8% of body weight.
    • Blood is drawn and separated into components through centrifugation.
    • Plasma is the clear yellow liquid portion of blood, primarily water (91.5%).
    • Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and other proteins.
    • Plasma proteins primarily function as clotting agents and antibodies.
    • Water in plasma acts as a transport medium.
    • Electrolytes in plasma maintain osmotic balance, buffer pH changes, and support nerve and muscle function.
    • Plasma also transports nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones.

    Blood Components

    • Plasma (55%) is primarily water (90%), plasma proteins (7%), and other substances (including electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones).
    • Blood cells (45%) include red blood cells (RBCs, 99%), and white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets (<1%).

    Functions of Plasma

    • Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, and hormones to tissues and cells.
    • Oxygen transport from the lungs and carbon dioxide removal.
    • Nutrient delivery from the digestive tract.
    • Hormone delivery to target organs.
    • Waste product transport to the kidneys, lungs, and other organs.

    Functions of Blood

    • Prevents excessive fluid loss from damaged blood vessels through platelets and clotting proteins (hemostasis).
    • Protecting against pathogens and toxins through white blood cells.
    • Regulates body pH and electrolyte composition through buffers.
    • Blood regulates body temperature through the dilation or contraction of blood vessels.

    Blood Cells

    • Blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells.
    • Three main types: red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • Disc-shaped with a large surface area.
    • Can change shape.
    • Lack nuclei and organelles.
    • Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide removal.
    • Short lifespan (~120 days).
    • Ruptured RBCs are destroyed in spleen, and phagocytic WBCs clear the debris.
    • RBC production described through a diagram

    Mechanism of Hemoglobin Transport

    • Hemoglobin consists of four heme molecules, each binding to one oxygen molecule.

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • Body's defense system.
    • Destroy invading microorganisms and abnormal cells (e.g., cancer).
    • Clean up cellular debris (phagocytosis).
    • Types and their functions: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes).

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Cell fragments from megakaryocytes.
    • Release important chemical mediators for blood clotting.
    • Involved in the hemostasis process which has three stages: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood coagulation (clotting).

    Hemostasis

    • Three-step process of stopping bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.
    • Clotting cascade transforms blood from liquid to solid with multiple steps involving fibrinogen to fibrin.

    Clot Dissolution

    • Plasmin enzyme dissolves blood clots.
    • Plasminogen is the inactive precursor activated by factor XII (Hageman Factor), occurring simultaneously with clot formation.

    Clotting Disorders

    • Thrombus (excessive clot formation) and embolus (free-floating clot).
    • Hemophilia, lack of clotting factors, leading to hemorrhage.

    Types of Anemia and Polycythemia

    • Anemia (low hemoglobin): Nutritional, pernicious, aplastic, renal, hemorrhagic, hemolytic.
    • Polycythemia (abnormally high hematocrit): Primary and secondary.

    Additional Information

    • Questions about blood composition, red blood cell function, hemoglobin function, and roles of neutrophils and lymphocytes were included in the presentation.

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    Hematological System PDF

    Description

    Explore the composition and function of blood in this detailed quiz. Learn about the roles of plasma, blood cells, and the various components that make up the hematological system. Test your knowledge on the importance of blood in transporting substances and maintaining balance in the body.

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