Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which function of blood is essential for thermoregulation?
Which function of blood is essential for thermoregulation?
- Transportation of carbon dioxide
- Regulation of body temperature (correct)
- Transportation of hormones and enzymes
- Regulation of fluid volume
What is the primary role of erythrocyte production?
What is the primary role of erythrocyte production?
- Production of antibodies to fight infection
- Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
- Filtering leukocytes
- Promoting blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding
How do alpha and beta globulins contribute to bodily functions?
How do alpha and beta globulins contribute to bodily functions?
- Facilitating blood clot formation
- Maintaining osmotic pressure
- Acting as carriers for drugs and lipids (correct)
- Functioning as antibodies
Which process is directly facilitated by erythropoietin?
Which process is directly facilitated by erythropoietin?
What process do lymph nodes perform to prevent infection?
What process do lymph nodes perform to prevent infection?
Which change in the hematologic system is most associated with aging?
Which change in the hematologic system is most associated with aging?
What role do platelets play in the hematologic system?
What role do platelets play in the hematologic system?
Which component of blood directly affects osmotic pressure?
Which component of blood directly affects osmotic pressure?
Based on the provided information, what is the life span of leukocytes?
Based on the provided information, what is the life span of leukocytes?
What components are found in blood plasma?
What components are found in blood plasma?
When the nurse assesses for the function of blood, which assessment findings correlate with this function?
When the nurse assesses for the function of blood, which assessment findings correlate with this function?
When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory results, which laboratory value is a component of the formed elements?
When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory results, which laboratory value is a component of the formed elements?
The nurse is caring for a client with pernicious anemia and knows what about the client's ethnicity?
The nurse is caring for a client with pernicious anemia and knows what about the client's ethnicity?
Platelets, also called __________ fragments, are fragments of megakaryocytes that are produced by the bone marrow.
Platelets, also called __________ fragments, are fragments of megakaryocytes that are produced by the bone marrow.
What medication should the nurse inform the patient about that can cause blood disorders?
What medication should the nurse inform the patient about that can cause blood disorders?
A client has blood drawn for complete blood count (CBC). Which nursing action is the most important?
A client has blood drawn for complete blood count (CBC). Which nursing action is the most important?
The nurse is planning discharge education for a client who receives a prescription for iron supplements due to anemia. Which statement is most important for the nurse to include in the teaching?
The nurse is planning discharge education for a client who receives a prescription for iron supplements due to anemia. Which statement is most important for the nurse to include in the teaching?
When the body loses a considerable amount of blood loss through hemorrhage, which condition can occur?
When the body loses a considerable amount of blood loss through hemorrhage, which condition can occur?
The nurse is assessing the client who has a family history of a genetic disorder. Which referral is most important?
The nurse is assessing the client who has a family history of a genetic disorder. Which referral is most important?
An older adult client has a prescription for a vaccine during the annual check-up. What assessment finding is essential for the nurse to monitor?
An older adult client has a prescription for a vaccine during the annual check-up. What assessment finding is essential for the nurse to monitor?
In maintaining homeostasis by balancing the production of clotting and dissolving factors, platelets are involved in a complex ___________ process.
In maintaining homeostasis by balancing the production of clotting and dissolving factors, platelets are involved in a complex ___________ process.
Which clinical manifestation can be the result of a hematologic system disorder?
Which clinical manifestation can be the result of a hematologic system disorder?
The client is of Middle Eastern origin, which blood disorder is the client prone to?
The client is of Middle Eastern origin, which blood disorder is the client prone to?
The nurse provided an older client with education about diet and blood. What statement indicates the need for further teaching?
The nurse provided an older client with education about diet and blood. What statement indicates the need for further teaching?
The nurse is caring for a client with blood loss. Which body system collaborates with the hematologic system to maintain adequate blood volume?
The nurse is caring for a client with blood loss. Which body system collaborates with the hematologic system to maintain adequate blood volume?
The nurse reviews a client's medication history. Which of the medications has the most potential to alter the client's hematologic system?
The nurse reviews a client's medication history. Which of the medications has the most potential to alter the client's hematologic system?
A client has blood drawn for a complete blood count and asks when the results will be in. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
A client has blood drawn for a complete blood count and asks when the results will be in. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
When the nurse educated a group of patients on preventing hematologic disorders, which patients are most prone to bleeding?
When the nurse educated a group of patients on preventing hematologic disorders, which patients are most prone to bleeding?
An adult reports consistently feeling fatigue with no other symptoms, which diagnostic test is most important for the nurse to educate to the patient about?
An adult reports consistently feeling fatigue with no other symptoms, which diagnostic test is most important for the nurse to educate to the patient about?
The nurse is caring for a client who has a history of leukemia. Which information is most important?
The nurse is caring for a client who has a history of leukemia. Which information is most important?
A client with a history of anemia provides statements to the nurse. Which statement indicates the need for the nurse to provide more teaching?
A client with a history of anemia provides statements to the nurse. Which statement indicates the need for the nurse to provide more teaching?
A client asks why is important for the kidneys to work when making blood cells. Which answer is most appropriate?
A client asks why is important for the kidneys to work when making blood cells. Which answer is most appropriate?
An older client has had a significant amount of blood loss, which occurrence of the aging process is most important for the nurse to monitor?
An older client has had a significant amount of blood loss, which occurrence of the aging process is most important for the nurse to monitor?
Where stem cells are produced?
Where stem cells are produced?
What is the normal adult laboratory range for total leukocytes (WBCs)?
What is the normal adult laboratory range for total leukocytes (WBCs)?
What factors affect the hematologic system?
What factors affect the hematologic system?
When teaching a pre-op client about post-operative cares, why should the nurse include information about possible hemorrhage?
When teaching a pre-op client about post-operative cares, why should the nurse include information about possible hemorrhage?
When caring for a client with hemophilia, what teaching is most important to prevent bleeding?
When caring for a client with hemophilia, what teaching is most important to prevent bleeding?
When blood is prone to coagulate with an advancing age because platelets tend to aggregate _______with advancing age?
When blood is prone to coagulate with an advancing age because platelets tend to aggregate _______with advancing age?
Flashcards
Hematologic System
Hematologic System
The hematologic system involves the production, transportation and regulation of blood cells.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A complete blood count provides information about the types and numbers of blood cells, as well as other parameters.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding, involving platelets and clotting factors.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone Marrow Aspiration
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Functions of Blood
Functions of Blood
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Components of Blood
Components of Blood
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Formed elements in blood
Formed elements in blood
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Red Blood Cell (RBC) Function
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Function
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Blood types
Blood types
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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Platelets Function
Platelets Function
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Function of Lymph vessels
Function of Lymph vessels
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Lymph Node function
Lymph Node function
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Aging impacts on hematologic system
Aging impacts on hematologic system
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Preventing Hemorrhage
Preventing Hemorrhage
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Preventing Blood disorders
Preventing Blood disorders
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Plasma proteins
Plasma proteins
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
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Study Notes
- The hematologic system is the focus of chapter 15.
- Nurses can play a role in preventing blood disorders.
- It's important to understand blood disorders and apply the nursing process for patients with these disorders.
- Bone marrow aspiration involves specific procedures and care.
- Nurses should be able to identify appropriate nursing interventions for patients with hematologic system problems.
Functions of Blood
- Transports water, oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and medications to cells
- Carries carbon dioxide and other waste products away from the cells.
- Regulates fluid volume and electrolyte distribution.
- Maintains pH and acid-base balance through buffering
- Helps to regulate body temperature.
- Provides clotting factors for hemostasis.
Components of Blood
- Formed elements and plasma comprise blood.
- Erythrocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and platelets make up the formed elements.
- Proteins, water, salts, and dissolved gasses, such as CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-), hormones, glucose, and wastes make up plasma.
- Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen make up plasma proteins.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Albumin maintains osmotic pressure at the capillary membrane.
- Alpha and beta globulins transport drugs and lipids.
- Gamma globulins act as antibodies.
- Fibrinogen forms blood clots.
Production of Blood Cells
- Blood develops from stem cells in bone marrow through erythropoiesis.
- The kidney makes erythropoietin, which prompts erythrocyte production.
- Erythropoiesis requires iron, vitamins B12, C, and E, folic acid, and amino acids.
Functions of Red Blood Cells
- Hemoglobin is contained in red blood cells, which carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away.
- Blood type is determined by antigens on RBCs (A, B, AB, or O).
- Decreased RBCs/hemoglobin reduces oxygen to the body's cells.
- RBCs live for approximately 120 days.
- The spleen and liver remove old and damaged red cells.
Function of the White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- The first line of defense against microbial agents is white blood cells.
- Adults typically have between 4500 to 11,000 leukocytes (WBCs) /mm3, with a life span of 13 to 20 days.
- Leukocytes migrate into tissues from bone marrow cells, traveling via the bloodstream.
- Leukocytes are classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes, determined by the cell nucleus.
Platelets and Their Function
- Megakaryocyte fragments are produced by the bone marrow and also called thrombocytes
- Platelets provide first-line protection to prevent bleeding, promoting clotting when a blood vessel is damaged
- Platelets maintain hemostasis by balancing clotting and dissolving factors.
- Fibrin strands attach to aggregated platelets with the plasma protein fibrinogen, to help form a clot.
- Platelets tend to stick to damaged surfaces and clump together.
Interaction Between Lymphatic and Vascular Systems
- Lymph vessels gather fluid and protein from the interstitial spaces and return them to the bloodstream.
- Lymph nodes filter out leukocytes and cell debris from inflammations and infections before the lymph returns to the bloodstream.
Changes of the Hematologic System With Aging
- Plasma volume decreases after age 60.
- Reduced bone marrow inhibits blood cell production, decreasing the immune response.
- New cells are produced more slowly, making anemia harder to correct.
- The antibody response to vaccines decreases.
- Older adults are at higher risk for hypovolemia and shock if blood loss occurs.
- Platelets aggregate more, so blood is more prone to coagulate.
Age Related Clinical Findings
- Decreased hematocrit
- Decreased red blood cells
Causes of Hematologic Disorders
- Anemia
- Blood loss and hemorrhage
- Hemolysis
- Hemophilia
- Sickle cell disease
- Thalassemia
Genetic Hematologic Tendencies
- African Americans have the highest incidence of sickle cell disease.
- Pernicious anemia is more prevalent among those of Scandinavian descent and among African Americans.
- People of Middle Eastern origin may have a genetic predisposition to thalassemia.
- Caucasians have a higher incidence of leukemia.
Prevention of Hematologic Disorders
- Anemia can result from significant blood loss during hemorrhage.
- Excessive blood loss can occur during menstruation.
- Hemorrhage can be prevented after surgery or childbirth.
Preventing Blood Disorders
- Cautions against ionizing radiation and harmful chemicals should be issued to the public.
- Adults with a genetic disorder should seek genetic counseling.
- Patients should be informed about medications that can cause blood disorders. - Periodic CBC checks are suggested.
Common Problems Related to Hematologic System Disorders
- Excessive bleeding
- Excessive clotting
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Pain
- Infection
- Bone marrow failure
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