35 Questions
What is the function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?
Stimulate the growth of leukocyte colonies in culture
What is the effect of cytokines released by active leukocytes fighting a bacterial infection?
Stimulate the production of additional neutrophils and monocytes
What happens to a leukocyte once it matures?
It loses its ability to undergo mitosis
How do clinicians use a differential white cell count to help with diagnosis?
To determine the relative proportions of different types of leukocytes in the blood
What is the composition of most adult hemoglobin (HbA)?
Two alpha chains and two beta chains
Where is about 70% of the iron in the body found?
In the heme groups of hemoglobin
How is iron absorbed in the small intestine?
By active transport
What carrier protein binds iron and transports it in the blood?
Transferrin
Where are the excess iron stores found in the body?
Inside a spherical protein called molecule ferritin
What are the initial symptoms of iron toxicity in children?
Gastrointestinal pain and cramping
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Facilitate oxygen transport
What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Control red blood cell production
What is the role of Thrombopoietin (TPO)?
Stimulate platelet production
What is the primary site of Erythropoietin (EPO) production in adults?
Kidneys
Which diseases are characterized by either a lack or an excess of leukocytes?
Leukemias and neutropenias
What stimulates the production of a transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)?
Low oxygen levels in the tissues
What are scientists currently monitoring to ensure they do not increase the likelihood of developing hematological diseases?
Safety of hematopoietic drugs
What was one reason for the delay in identifying Erythropoietin (EPO)?
It is stored in large quantities in the body
What was one breakthrough after isolating the Erythropoietin (EPO) gene?
Quick production of EPO through recombinant DNA technology
What is the primary site of Thrombopoietin (TPO) production?
Liver
What are patients with neutropenias unable to fight off?
Bacterial and viral infections
What cytokine was first described in 1958 but its gene was not cloned until 1994?
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
What is the normal range of hematocrit for a man?
40–54%
What is the primary source of ATP for mature red blood cells?
Glycolysis
What happens to the nucleus of the erythroblast as it matures?
It condenses and is eventually phagocytized
What is the shape of mature mammalian red blood cells in an isotonic solution?
Biconcave disks
What allows red blood cells to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries?
Complex cytoskeleton
What causes red blood cells to shrink up and develop a spiky surface in hypertonic media?
Osmotic changes
What does spherocytosis refer to in relation to red blood cells?
Spherical shape
In which disease state do red blood cells lose their flattened disk shape and become spherical?
Iron-deficiency anemia
What is the main role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Oxygen transport
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
A large, complex protein with four globular protein chains, each wrapped around an iron-containing heme group
Which type of medium causes red blood cells to swell and form a sphere without disruption of its membrane integrity?
Hypotonic medium
What happens to erythroblasts in the last stage before maturation?
Mitochondria break down and disappear
What can provide clues to the presence of disease in red blood cells?
Sickle or crescent moon shape
Test your knowledge about hematocrit, the measurement of the ratio of red blood cells to plasma. Learn about the process of determining hematocrit by using a centrifuge to separate blood components.
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