Heat Transfer Calculation in Pipes

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What does the formula in equation (3) describe?

The heat transfer from the internal flowing fluid to the outside wall of the pipe.

How is the film heat transfer coefficient denoted in the formula?

hd

Why is monitoring the bulk fluid temperature in production systems important?

To track any changes in bulk fluid temperature that may indicate issues, such as deposits formation.

How can unusual cold spots on the external pipe wall help identify a developing solid deposits problem?

They indicate areas where heat transfer is hindered by solid deposits forming on the pipe. Signup and view all the answers

What does measuring the outer pipe wall temperature help achieve in monitoring solid deposits?

It helps in identifying the presence and location of solid deposits on the pipe. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to calculate the deposits thickness in a pipe?

To understand the extent of solid deposits buildup and its potential impact on heat transfer efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What is an early sign of a buildup of a gas hydrate layer in gas/condensate lines?

Pressure drop Signup and view all the answers

What is another sign of hydrates formation besides pressure drop in gas/condensate lines?

Temperature drop Signup and view all the answers

What is a preindication of a potential hydrates problem in pipelines?

Temperature drop below hydrate formation temperature or below dew point Signup and view all the answers

What type of monitoring systems are often used in pipelines with hydrates risk to monitor outer temperature?

DTS temperature monitoring systems Signup and view all the answers

What should be examined carefully in pigging returns for evidence of hydrate particles?

Pigging returns Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensors can be used for surface pipelines to monitor temperature?

IR gun Signup and view all the answers

How are exposed core fiber optics used in the oil and gas industry?

To monitor CaCO3 precipitation by employing monochromatic laser light and a detector. Signup and view all the answers

How can changes in cations and anions content in produced water indicate solid precipitation?

A drop in the cations or anions content is indicative of solids precipitation. Signup and view all the answers

What mineral scales monitoring strategies are used in the oil and gas industry?

Continuous monitoring of water chemistry, sampling and analysis of produced water, and scale prediction calculations. Signup and view all the answers

What are some methods for monitoring temperature in the oil and gas industry?

Attenuated total reflectance, graphene-based sensors, and turbidity methods. Signup and view all the answers

How does the deposition of solid particles affect the guided light in exposed core fiber optics?

When solid particles deposit, part of the guided light will be absorbed by the scale crystal instead of reflecting back into the core part. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using radioactive techniques in the oil and gas industry?

To monitor various parameters in the system. Signup and view all the answers