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Questions and Answers
What is the weight of vapor to be supplied if the heat load is 1 million Btu/hr and the enthalpy of vaporization is 1036.4 Btu/lb?
What is the weight of vapor to be supplied if the heat load is 1 million Btu/hr and the enthalpy of vaporization is 1036.4 Btu/lb?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous system?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous system?
Which process is considered to be a reversible process?
Which process is considered to be a reversible process?
How do you calculate the change in enthalpy for nitrogen gas when heated from 1000 K to 1500 K at constant pressure?
How do you calculate the change in enthalpy for nitrogen gas when heated from 1000 K to 1500 K at constant pressure?
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What principle does a Venturi meter operate on to measure water flow rate?
What principle does a Venturi meter operate on to measure water flow rate?
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In thermodynamics, what characterizes an ideal gas?
In thermodynamics, what characterizes an ideal gas?
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Which statement about heat transfer is true?
Which statement about heat transfer is true?
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What is the primary function of an orifice in fluid mechanics?
What is the primary function of an orifice in fluid mechanics?
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Study Notes
Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics
- Vapor Quality and Heat Transfer: A vapor with 100% quality and 100°F temperature is used for heating/cooling. The condensate leaves as saturated liquid. A heat load of 1 million Btu/hr requires 965 lb/hr of vapor if enthalpy of vaporization is 1036.4 Btu/lb.
Heterogeneous Systems
- Examples of Heterogeneous Systems: Atmospheric air, mixture of ice, water, and steam are examples of heterogeneous systems.
Fluid Flow and Hydraulic Power
- Oil Flow Through a Pump: Oil (specific gravity 0.90) flowing at 10 liters/second through a pump increasing pressure from atmospheric to 500 kPa requires 4.54 kW of hydraulic power.
Carnot Heat Pump Analysis
- Heat Loss Calculation: A Carnot heat pump maintaining 72°F inside temperature with an outside temperature of 0°F experiences a heat loss of 145,900 Btu/hr.
Methane Energy Transfer
- Energy Transfer for Methane: Raising the temperature of a 4-kilogram sample of methane from 15°C to 35°C requires 139 kJ of energy transfer.
Ideal Otto Cycle Efficiency
- Otto Cycle Efficiency Factors: The thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle depends on the pressure ratio and specific heat ratio of the working fluid.
Heat Pump Power Requirements
- Minimum Theoretical Power: A heat pump maintaining 20°C inside when outside temperature is -30°C, with a heat loss of 100,000 kJ/hr, requires a minimum theoretical power of 4.74 kW.
Diesel Fuel Sulfur
- Maximum Sulfur Content: Diesel fuel total sulfur content cannot exceed 0.5%.
Heat Transfer through a Rod
- Heat Transfer Time Calculation: An insulated aluminum rod (k = 302 W/(mK)) with 3 cm diameter and 50 cm length transfers 10 kJ of energy from 150°C to 30°C in 3.2 minutes.
Closed System Energy Differences
- Internal Energy Difference: The difference between heat added to a closed system and work done by the system is internal energy.
Orifice Flow Velocity
- Orifice Flow Calculation: An orifice with 0.5 m² area and 100 m head operating with Cy=0.90 and Ca=0.85 will have water flowing at 32.45 m/s.
Pressure Measurement Device
- Pressure Measurement Devices: A piezometer is used to measure small and moderate pressure differences.
Stagnation Pressure
- Stagnation Pressure Calculation: For water (p = 1,000 kg/m³) flowing at 28 m/s with a static pressure of 300 kPa, the stagnation pressure is 692 kPa.
Diffuser Effects
- Diffuser Effects: A diffuser decreases Mach number as air travels through.
Entropy Change
- Entropy Change Implications: For a feasible state change (1 to 2), the entropy change (S2 - S1) of the system can be positive, negative, or zero.
Gas Constant Calculation
- Gas Constant Calculation: A gravimetric analysis of a mixture with 2 kg N2, 4 kg O2, and 1 kg CO2 indicates a gas constant of 0.717 kJ/(kg·K).
Constant Temperature Processes
- Ideal Gas at Constant Pressure: Change in Enthalpy of Nitrogen heated from 1000 K to 1500 K at constant pressure is calculated using given Cp values.
Venturi Meter Discharge
- Venturi Meter Discharge: A venturi meter with 3 inch throat and 6 inch pipe has a water differential of 15 inches and a discharge coefficient (Cd) of 0.98, resulting in a discharge rate of 360 gallons per minute.
Reversible Processes
- Reversible Process Examples: Isentropic expansion, slow heating of water are examples of reversible processes.
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)
- Calculating Heat Transfer Surface Area: An oil cooler with specified conditions needs an area of 18.5 m² to cool oil from 70°C to 55°C by using water at an inlet temperature rise of 12°C, with a heat transfer coefficient (U) of 700 W/m°C.
Confined Gas Volume Change
- Gas Volume and Temperature Relationship: If pressure on a confined gas is tripled at a constant temperature, volume will reduce to one-third of its initial value.
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Description
Test your knowledge on heat transfer, heterogeneous systems, and fluid flow in thermodynamic processes. This quiz covers various applications, including vapor quality, hydraulic power, and Carnot heat pump analysis. Challenge yourself with practical examples to enhance your understanding.
