Heat Engines and Material Science Quiz

Devices that convert heat energy into work.

A measure of the effectiveness of heat pumps and refrigerators, indicating how much heat output is achieved for a given electrical input.

Driven by steam expanded through turbines. Involves heating/boiling, expansion, condensation, and pumping stages.

Used in vehicles. Air is compressed and mixed with fuel, then combusted. Types include petrol, diesel, and gas turbines.

Engines where air is mixed with fuel, compressed, ignited, and exhausted. Commonly used in vehicles.

Engines where fuel is injected into highly compressed air, leading to combustion at high temperatures and pressures.

A reversed Carnot cycle where the engine moves heat from a colder area to a warmer one. Involves adiabatic compression, isothermal compression, adiabatic expansion, and isothermal expansion.

Muscle tissue converts energy from food into work. Has low efficiency due to small temperature differences.

A material's ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed.

The maximum force a material can withstand before it permanently deforms.

Permanent deformation of a material caused by exceeding its elastic limit.

The relationship between the force applied to a material and its resulting deformation. Formula: F = k * Δx. Where: F = force, k = spring constant, and Δx = change in length.

A measure of a material's stiffness. Formula: Y = σ / ε. Where: σ = stress, and ε = strain.

Materials that can be stretched into new shapes without breaking (e.g., metals).

Break easily under stress, lacking plasticity (e.g., glass).

A graph showing the relationship between stress and strain for a material.