lab 5 - the heart

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Questions and Answers

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs?

Left atrium
Right ventricle (correct)
Right atrium
Left ventricle

The epicardium is the deepest layer of the heart wall.

False (B)

What is the function of the myocardium?

It is responsible for the contraction of the heart and pumping blood.

The __________ pericardium is the sac that the heart sits in.

fibrous Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heart structures with their functions:

Right atrium = Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation Left atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Right ventricle = Pumps blood to the lungs Left ventricle = Pumps blood to the rest of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel returns deoxygenated blood from the head and neck to the heart?

Superior Vena Cava (B) Signup and view all the answers

The aortic semilunar valve has two cusps.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscular ridges found beneath the auricle of the atrial wall called?

Pectinate Muscles Signup and view all the answers

The ___ is the flattened superior portion of the heart where blood vessels emerge.

Base Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vessels to their function:

Superior Vena Cava = Returns blood from upper body Inferior Vena Cava = Returns blood from lower body Coronary Sinus = Returns blood from coronary circulation Pulmonary Trunk = Carries blood from right ventricle to lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chordae tendineae?

To prevent valve prolapse (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Binding with oxygen (D) Signup and view all the answers

The foramen ovale allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle tissue has a multinucleated structure.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do the structures foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus become after birth?

Fossa ovalis and ligamentum arteriosum Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows electrical signals to pass easily between cardiac muscle cells?

Gap Junctions Signup and view all the answers

The smallest cell fragment involved in clotting is called a ______.

platelet Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of blood cell with its function:

Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen Leukocytes = Fight against invaders Platelets = Assist in clotting Neutrophils = Engage in phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which component of cardiac muscle tissue assists in holding cells tightly together?

Desmosomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils are responsible for producing antibodies.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are two major structures located in the dissected heart that are involved in preventing backflow of blood?

Papillary muscles and Chordae Tendineae Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the right atrium in the heart's function.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle for delivery to the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the pericardium and their functions?

The pericardium consists of the fibrous pericardium, which provides protection, and the serous pericardium, which reduces friction around the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the interventricular septum.

The interventricular septum is a thick wall of myocardium that separates the left and right ventricles, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Signup and view all the answers

Identify and describe the three layers of the heart wall.

The heart wall consists of the epicardium (the outer layer), myocardium (the muscle layer responsible for contraction), and endocardium (the inner lining). Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the auricle in the atria?

The auricle helps increase the volume of the atria to accept blood from the vascular system. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the function of the semilunar valves.

Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the vessels into the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomical significance of the anterior interventricular sulcus.

The anterior interventricular sulcus is a surface groove that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the cusps of the atrioventricular valves from being pushed back into the atria?

The chordae tendineae, anchored to the papillary muscles, prevent the cusps from being pushed back. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the superior vena cava return blood from?

The superior vena cava returns blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the tricuspid valve differ from the bicuspid valve?

The tricuspid valve has three cusps, while the bicuspid valve has two cusps. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle tissue?

Intercalated disks link cardiac muscle cells both structurally and functionally, allowing for coordinated contractions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary structural features of erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes are biconcave cells that lack nuclei and are primarily composed of hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes?

Leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes and possess dark staining nuclei that vary in shape; they are essential for the immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of hemopoiesis.

Hemopoiesis is the production of blood cells originating from pluripotent stem cells in the red bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the hemostatic process?

Platelets are critical for forming a plug at injury sites and releasing factors that help in blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary components of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin consists of the protein globin and heme groups, which contain iron that binds to oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the pericardium with their descriptions:

Fibrous Pericardium = The outer layer that encases the heart Parietal Pericardium = Layer attached to the inner surface of fibrous pericardium Visceral Pericardium = Also known as epicardium Serous Fluid = Decreases friction around the heart Signup and view all the answers

Match the layers of the heart wall with their characteristics:

Epicardium = Most superficial layer, simple squamous epithelium Myocardium = Muscular layer responsible for contraction Endocardium = Lines the heart chambers and valves Subendocardial Layer = Contains connective tissue and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of cardiac muscle tissue with their functions:

Intercalated Disks = Facilitate communication between cardiac cells Desmosomes = Hold cardiac cells tightly together Gap Junctions = Allow ion exchange for electrical signaling Mitochondria = Supply energy for muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heart valves with their respective locations:

Tricuspid Valve = Between right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve = Between left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve = Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic Semilunar Valve = Between left ventricle and aorta Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical positions of the heart with their descriptions:

Base of heart = Flattened superior portion from which blood vessels emerge Apex = Inferior point that faces the left in anatomical position Auricle = Muscular extension of the atria that increases volume Interventricular Sulcus = Groove that separates the ventricles on the heart's surface Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures involved in fetal circulation with their functions:

Foramen Ovale = Allows blood flow from right atrium to left atrium Ductus Arteriosus = Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta Fossa Ovalis = Remnant of foramen ovale post-birth Ligamentum Arteriosum = Remnant of ductus arteriosus post-birth Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart Chambers

Separate compartments within the heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles), responsible for receiving and pumping blood; right receives deoxygenated, pumps to lungs; left receives oxygenated, pumps to body

Pericardium Layers

Protective covering of the heart; composed of fibrous (outer bag) and serous membranes (inner layers); serous with parietal (outer) and visceral (inner, epicardium) layers, with serous fluid preventing friction