Heart Structure and Function Quiz

The upper chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

The lower chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve.

The valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle.

The valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

The large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.

Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the aorta and the rest of the body.

These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.

It is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It has three cusps: anterior, septal, and posterior.

It is located between the left ventricle and the opening of the aorta, and has three cusps: left, right, and posterior.

A palpable vibration felt over the precordium, often associated with turbulent blood flow.

Increased heart rate, either physiological (like during exercise) or pathological (due to underlying heart issues).

A forceful, outward movement of the heart apex, often seen in conditions causing increased pressure in the left ventricle.

Abnormal awareness of one's own heartbeat, which can be regular or irregular. It can be physiological or pathological.

A strong, visible pulsation felt in the second left intercostal space, often indicative of pulmonary hypertension.

The most outward and bottom point of the heart, visible and palpable during a physical examination, often formed by the left ventricle.

A shift of the cardiac apex outwards due to an enlarged right ventricle. It causes a weaker and more diffuse pulsation.

A shift of the cardiac apex outwards and downwards due to an enlarged left ventricle. The pulsation is localized and forceful.

The cardiac apex is felt in only one intercostal space, usually due to an enlarged left ventricle.

The cardiac apex is felt in multiple intercostal spaces, commonly associated with an enlarged right ventricle.

The first heart sound, S1, is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, which marks the start of ventricular systole.

The second heart sound, S2, arises from the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the end of ventricular systole.

A thrill is a palpable murmur, indicating a turbulent blood flow that can be felt with the hand.

A mitral murmur intensifies when a patient lies on their left side, as this increases the flow of blood across the mitral valve.

Stenotic murmurs (caused by narrowed valves) are typically harsh, while regurgitant murmurs (caused by leaky valves) are softer.

A group of heart defects present at birth that affect the structure of the heart, leading to abnormal blood flow.

CHD are classified into three main categories based on the type of blood flow abnormality: cyanotic (blue), acyanotic (pink), and obstructive.

A group of CHDs characterized by a shunt, or abnormal passage, between chambers of the heart or between blood vessels, resulting in oxygen-rich blood mixing with oxygen-poor blood, leading to cyanosis (blue discoloration) in the infant or child.

A group of CHDs characterized by an obstruction of blood flow, leading to increased pressure in the heart or blood vessels before the obstruction.

Causes of CHDs are often complex and involve genetic, environmental, and maternal factors.

Oxygenated blood from the placenta flows to the fetus through the umbilical cord and into the heart, while deoxygenated blood from the fetus flows back to the placenta through the umbilical cord.

A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus remains open after birth, allowing oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery.

These defects cause cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin) due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

These defects do not usually lead to cyanosis, as the blood flow is normal.

A condition characterized by a rapid, forceful heartbeat, either physiological (due to exercise) or pathological (due to underlying heart issues).

The contraction of the atria, which pushes blood into the ventricles.

The four heart defects that define Fallot Tetralogy: (1) Pulmonary Stenosis, (2) Ventricular Septal Defect, (3) Overriding Aorta, and (4) Right Ventricular Hypertrophy.

Blood flow from the right ventricle is obstructed due to narrowed pulmonary valve or outflow tract, causing a decreased blood flow to the lungs. This results in a condition known as Lung Oligemia.

The first stage of ventricular contraction, where the AV valves close to prevent backflow.

In Fallot Tetralogy, a large VSD allows blood to flow directly from the right ventricle to the aorta, bypassing the lungs. This leads to deoxygenated blood in the aorta and causes cyanosis.

The second stage of ventricular contraction, where the semilunar valves open, and blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

The early stage of ventricular relaxation (diastole), where the semilunar valves close, preventing backflow from the arteries into the ventricles, and blood starts flowing into the atria.

Central cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and fingertips, is a common symptom of Fallot Tetralogy. It often appears after a few months due to the progressive nature of the pulmonary stenosis. However, in severe cases, it can be present at birth.

The later stage of ventricular relaxation, where the chambers passively relax, and blood fills the ventricles.

A forceful, outward movement of the apex of the heart can be seen in Fallot Tetralogy, indicating increased pressure in the right ventricle due to the outflow obstruction.

Echocardiography with Doppler is a non-invasive imaging technique using sound waves to visualize the heart's structure and function.

It is used to diagnose congenital heart defects, evaluate heart valve function, and assess heart chamber size and function.

This technique uses sound waves to create images of the heart's chambers, valves, and blood flow.

Doppler echocardiography can provide information about blood flow direction and velocity by analyzing the changes in sound wave frequency.

It is a vital tool for confirming the presence of congenital heart defects and determining the severity of the condition.