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Questions and Answers
Which racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the United States?
Which racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of heart failure (HF) in the United States?
- Asians
- African Americans (correct)
- Hispanics
- Caucasians
What is a risk factor for developing HF in adults over 60 years of age?
What is a risk factor for developing HF in adults over 60 years of age?
- Being female
- Being male (correct)
- Having metabolic syndrome
- Smoking cigarettes
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for HF?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for HF?
- Poorly managed diabetes
- High cholesterol levels (correct)
- Cigarette smoking
- Obesity
What is the primary cause of HF in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the primary cause of HF in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the compensatory mechanism that initially increases contractility in response to systemic or pulmonary hypertension?
What is the compensatory mechanism that initially increases contractility in response to systemic or pulmonary hypertension?
Which type of cardiomyopathy commonly leads to progressive HF?
Which type of cardiomyopathy commonly leads to progressive HF?
What is the cause of HF in valvular heart disease?
What is the cause of HF in valvular heart disease?
What percentage of patients with chronic HF also have chronic kidney disease?
What percentage of patients with chronic HF also have chronic kidney disease?
What effect does cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation have on myocardial contraction?
What effect does cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation have on myocardial contraction?
What is the primary goal of treatment for HF?
What is the primary goal of treatment for HF?
Which of the following best describes heart failure (HF)?
Which of the following best describes heart failure (HF)?
What are the two types of heart failure?
What are the two types of heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of heart failure episodes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of heart failure episodes?
How many new cases of heart failure are diagnosed each year in the United States?
How many new cases of heart failure are diagnosed each year in the United States?
What is the most common reason for hospitalization of people older than 65 years?
What is the most common reason for hospitalization of people older than 65 years?
What percentage of patients discharged after treatment for heart failure are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days?
What percentage of patients discharged after treatment for heart failure are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days?
What is the second most common reason for visits to a provider's office?
What is the second most common reason for visits to a provider's office?
What is heart failure often managed with?
What is heart failure often managed with?
What is heart failure considered to be in terms of its impact on health care resources?
What is heart failure considered to be in terms of its impact on health care resources?
What is heart failure associated with in terms of hospitalizations and health care costs?
What is heart failure associated with in terms of hospitalizations and health care costs?
Which type of heart failure is characterized by decreased blood flow from the ventricle?
Which type of heart failure is characterized by decreased blood flow from the ventricle?
What is the purpose of the initial sympathetic response in systolic heart failure?
What is the purpose of the initial sympathetic response in systolic heart failure?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation in systolic heart failure?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation in systolic heart failure?
What is the role of renin in systolic heart failure?
What is the role of renin in systolic heart failure?
What effect does angiotensin II have in systolic heart failure?
What effect does angiotensin II have in systolic heart failure?
What is the role of aldosterone in systolic heart failure?
What is the role of aldosterone in systolic heart failure?
What is the purpose of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in systolic heart failure?
What is the purpose of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in systolic heart failure?
What happens to the contractility of myocardial muscle fibers in systolic heart failure?
What happens to the contractility of myocardial muscle fibers in systolic heart failure?
What is ventricular remodeling in systolic heart failure?
What is ventricular remodeling in systolic heart failure?
What is diastolic heart failure also known as?
What is diastolic heart failure also known as?
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Study Notes
Overview of Heart Failure
- Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional cardiac disorders that impair the heart's ability to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demands.
- HF is a chronic, progressive condition managed with lifestyle changes and medications.
- Approximately six million people in the United States have HF, with 870,000 new cases diagnosed each year.
- HF is the most common reason for hospitalization of people older than 65 years and the second most common reason for visits to a provider's office.
- Over 20% of patients discharged after treatment for HF are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days, and nearly 50% are readmitted within 6 months.
- The estimated economic burden of HF in the United States is over $30 billion annually.
- HF is more prevalent among African Americans and Hispanics than among Caucasians, and the risk increases with advancing age.
- Risk factors for HF include cigarette smoking, obesity, poorly managed diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
- Common causes of HF include coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, valvular disorders, and renal dysfunction.
- Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is a primary cause of HF, and myocardial infarction can lead to HF.
- Systemic or pulmonary hypertension increases afterload, leading to hypertrophy of myocardial muscle fibers and eventually HF.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and cardiac arrhythmias can also cause or contribute to HF.
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