Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant consequence of chronic excessive alcohol consumption?
What is a significant consequence of chronic excessive alcohol consumption?
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Pulmonary congestion
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (correct)
- Reduced cardiac output
Which of the following factors is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
Which of the following factors is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
- Poor diet
- Obesity
- Hypertension
- Ethnicity (correct)
What is the primary difference between HFrEF and HFpEF?
What is the primary difference between HFrEF and HFpEF?
- HFrEF is primarily caused by genetic predisposition, while HFpEF is caused by lifestyle factors.
- HFrEF has an EF ≤ 40%, while HFpEF has an EF ≥ 50%. (correct)
- HFrEF involves impaired filling, while HFpEF involves impaired contraction.
- HFrEF typically presents with tachycardia, while HFpEF presents with bradycardia.
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
Which population is at greater risk for heart failure due to higher rates of hypertension?
Which population is at greater risk for heart failure due to higher rates of hypertension?
What is a primary consequence of chronic activation of the RAAS and SNS in heart failure?
What is a primary consequence of chronic activation of the RAAS and SNS in heart failure?
Which of the following statements accurately describes diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF?
Which of the following statements accurately describes diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF?
What is the result of increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in heart failure?
What is the result of increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in heart failure?
How does elevated blood pressure affect heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
How does elevated blood pressure affect heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart failure?
What is a common misconception regarding the transmissibility of heart failure?
What is a common misconception regarding the transmissibility of heart failure?
What effect does smoking have on heart failure risk?
What effect does smoking have on heart failure risk?
Which condition is NOT a common factor contributing to the development of heart failure?
Which condition is NOT a common factor contributing to the development of heart failure?
What is the main difference between Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?
What is the main difference between Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)?
Which of the following is the most likely cause of heart failure?
Which of the following is the most likely cause of heart failure?
What compensatory mechanism is activated in response to reduce cardiac output in heart failure?
What compensatory mechanism is activated in response to reduce cardiac output in heart failure?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged sympathetic nervous system activation in heart failure?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged sympathetic nervous system activation in heart failure?
Which of the following conditions can lead to heart failure due to increased cardiac workload?
Which of the following conditions can lead to heart failure due to increased cardiac workload?
What does a reduced stroke volume indicate about heart function?
What does a reduced stroke volume indicate about heart function?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a weakened heart muscle that impairs blood pumping ability?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a weakened heart muscle that impairs blood pumping ability?
Which of the following statements about heart failure is true?
Which of the following statements about heart failure is true?
Flashcards
What is Heart Failure (HF)?
What is Heart Failure (HF)?
Occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
What is HFrEF?
What is HFrEF?
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: The heart doesn't pump out as much blood with each beat (ejection fraction ≤ 40%).
What is HFpEF?
What is HFpEF?
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The heart can't relax properly to fill with blood (ejection fraction ≥ 50%).
How does Reduced Contractility lead to HFrEF?
How does Reduced Contractility lead to HFrEF?
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How do Compensatory Mechanisms affect HFrEF?
How do Compensatory Mechanisms affect HFrEF?
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What is Reduced Cardiac Output in HFrEF?
What is Reduced Cardiac Output in HFrEF?
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How does Hypertension contribute to heart failure?
How does Hypertension contribute to heart failure?
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How does Cardiomyopathy lead to heart failure?
How does Cardiomyopathy lead to heart failure?
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Heart Failure (HF)
Heart Failure (HF)
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Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
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Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)
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Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Failure
Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Failure
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Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Failure
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Failure
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Diastolic Dysfunction in HFpEF
Diastolic Dysfunction in HFpEF
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Increased LVEDP in HFpEF
Increased LVEDP in HFpEF
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Increased Afterload in HFpEF
Increased Afterload in HFpEF
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Neurohormonal Activation in HFpEF
Neurohormonal Activation in HFpEF
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Hypertension as a Modifiable Risk Factor
Hypertension as a Modifiable Risk Factor
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) as a Modifiable Risk Factor
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) as a Modifiable Risk Factor
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Obesity as a Modifiable Risk Factor
Obesity as a Modifiable Risk Factor
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Diabetes Mellitus as a Modifiable Risk Factor
Diabetes Mellitus as a Modifiable Risk Factor
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular - Heart Failure
- Heart failure (HF) occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively to meet metabolic needs.
- Categorized as:
- Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF): Ejection fraction ≤ 40% (systolic heart failure)
- Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF): Ejection fraction ≥ 50% (diastolic heart failure)
Most Likely Causes
- Ischemic Heart Disease: Myocardial infarction (MI) can weaken the heart muscle, leading to heart failure.
- Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure increases the workload on the left ventricle, eventually leading to heart failure.
- Cardiomyopathy: Structural heart disease (e.g., dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) can impair the heart's ability to pump blood.
- Valvular Heart Disease: Stenosis or regurgitation increases the cardiac workload, potentially causing heart failure.
- Other causes: Arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation), infections, anemia, and high-output heart failure due to metabolic demands.
Pathophysiology
-
HFrEF (Systolic HF):
- Reduced contractility: Myocardial injury or cell death weakens the heart muscle, reducing its ability to pump. Impaired contraction is due to structural or contractile changes.
- Reduced cardiac output: Reduced stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per beat) leads to a lower ejection fraction (EF ≤ 40%).
- Compensatory mechanisms: The body activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to increase blood pressure and contractility. However, prolonged activation leads to ventricular remodeling (dilation and wall thinning), worsening the condition.
-
HFpEF (Diastolic HF):
- Impaired relaxation: The left ventricle's ability to relax and fill with blood is impaired, increasing stiffness.
- Increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP): Difficulty filling leads to back pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary edema and shortness of breath.
- Increased afterload: Elevated blood pressure increases resistance against which the heart must pump blood, worsening heart failure.
- Neurohormonal activation: Similar to HFrEF, RAAS and SNS activation worsens diastolic dysfunction through fibrosis and stiffening of the cardiac muscle.
Disease Transmission
- Heart failure is a non-infectious disease and is not directly transmissible from person to person.
- However, heart failure can be secondary to an infectious cause (e.g., viral myocarditis or endocarditis).
Risk Factors
- Modifiable:
- Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Obesity
- Diabetes mellitus
- Smoking
- Physical inactivity
- High alcohol intake
- Diet (high in salt, trans fats, refined sugars)
- Non-modifiable:
- Age
- Sex (men are more likely to have systolic HF, women are more likely to have diastolic HF)
- Genetics/family history
- Ethnicity (some populations have higher risk)
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Description
This quiz explores various aspects of heart failure, including risk factors, differences between HFrEF and HFpEF, and the underlying physiological mechanisms involved. Test your knowledge on modifiable vs. non-modifiable risk factors and the impact of lifestyle choices on heart failure development.
