Heart Failure Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which class of drugs is primarily used to increase the force of contraction in heart failure?

  • Diuretics
  • Drugs with positive inotropic effect (correct)
  • Vasodilators
  • ACE inhibitors

    • What mechanism do cardiac glycosides use to increase intracellular calcium levels?

  • Stimulation of calcium release channels
  • Inhibition of sodium channels
  • Inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase (correct)
  • Activation of potassium channels

    • Beta-adrenergic stimulants like dobutamine are used in which specific scenario for heart failure management?

  • Chronic heart failure treatment
  • Management of acute failure (correct)
  • Prevention of heart failure
  • Maintenance therapy for stable patients

    • Which of the following is NOT a positive inotropic agent used in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diuretics primarily function by reducing which aspect of cardiac function?

    <p>Ventricular preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACE inhibitors in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Reduce both preload and afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an example of a methylxanthine used in heart failure?

    <p>Aminophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do vasodilators have on preload and afterload in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Reduce both preload and afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of androgens in male physiology?

    <p>Stimulating spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT classified as a steroid hormone?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary therapeutic use of insulin?

    <p>To control diabetes in pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major adverse effect of anabolic steroid abuse?

    <p>Increased aggression and violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse drug reaction is systemic in nature for insulin?

    <p>Hypoglycemic coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily produced in the testicles and aids in libido?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

    <p>Controlling carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulphonyl ureas?

    <p>They inhibit insulin degradation in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of testosterone from the testicles?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Metformin?

    <p>Causes hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Glibenclamide?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for the use of anabolic steroids?

    <p>Hypogonadism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone primarily regulates which of the following?

    <p>Sodium and potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition is insulin the preferred treatment during pregnancy?

    <p>For patients with uncontrolled NIDDM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contraindicates the use of Metformin?

    <p>Hepatic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature shared by both first and second generation sulphonyl ureas?

    <p>They stimulate insulin production from pancreatic β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of folate deficiency during pregnancy?

    <p>Congenital malformations like spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is not listed as a cause of megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Hemodilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group should consider folic acid supplements due to high risk of deficiency?

    <p>Pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if folic acid is administered in the context of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>It will correct the anemia but not prevent neurological manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>To act as a storage and anabolic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pancreatic A-cells?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is not associated with the endocrine system?

    <p>Digestive enzyme production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does somatostatin play in the endocrine system?

    <p>It inhibits the secretion of other hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system, Mirena?

    <p>Thicken cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contraindication for the use of combined oral contraceptive pills?

    <p>History of thromboembolic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time frame for using emergency contraceptive pills after unprotected intercourse?

    <p>72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is most commonly associated with oral contraceptives?

    <p>Thromboembolic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oxytocin have during labor?

    <p>Stimulates strong uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of oxytocin use when administered intravenously?

    <p>Water retention and intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition poses a greater risk for women using Mirena regarding pelvic inflammatory disease?

    <p>Multiple sexual partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect experienced during IUD insertion?

    <p>Intense cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure

    • Heart failure treatment drugs are divided into two categories: those with a positive inotropic effect and those without.

    Drugs with Positive Inotropic Effect

    • Increase the heart muscle contraction force.
    • Types include:
      • Cardiac Glycosides: Examples are digoxin and digitoxin. Mechanism of action involves inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase, leading to increased intracellular sodium and calcium, enhancing cardiac output.
      • Beta-Adrenergic Stimulants: Examples include dobutamine and dopamine. These are used for acute heart failure management, increasing myocardial contractility and cardiac output.
      • Methylxanthines: Example is aminophylline (theophylline), which has positive inotropic and bronchodilating effects, also aiding renal blood flow. Used for acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema.

    Drugs without Positive Inotropic Effect

    • Include diuretics and vasodilators, mainly used for heart failure management.
    • Diuretics: Such as hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide, which reduce ventricular preload.
    • Vasodilators: Examples like hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside decrease both preload and after-load, improving heart function.
    • ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs): Such as captopril and enalapril, lower both preload and after-load, also linked with potential megaloblastic anemia.

    Folate Deficiency in Pregnancy

    • Can lead to congenital malformations in newborns, such as spina bifida.
    • Causes include dietary deficiencies, alcoholism, hemolytic anemia, malabsorption syndromes, certain cancers, chronic skin diseases, and medications impairing absorption (e.g., phenytoin, oral contraceptives, isoniazid).
    • High-risk individuals (e.g., pregnant women, alcoholics, those with hemolytic anemia) should consider folic acid supplements.
    • Folic acid does not prevent neurological manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency; it may correct anemia.

    Endocrine System Overview

    • Communicates through hormones to target cells.
    • Major hormones include glucagon (from A-cells), insulin (from B-cells), and somatostatin (from D-cells).

    Endocrine System Functions

    • Regulates water balance, uterine contractions, metabolism, ion regulation, heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels.

    Insulin Types

    • Long-Acting Insulin: Example includes Protamine Zinc Insulin.
    • Therapeutic Uses: Management of diabetes, particularly insulin-dependent diabetes and non-insulin-dependent diabetes not controlled by diet and oral agents.

    Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

    • Indicated for Type II diabetes.
    • Main classes include:
      • Sulfonylureas: Stimulate insulin production and inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. Examples: tolbutamide, glimepiride, chlorpropamide, glibenclamide.
      • Biguanides: Example is metformin, which suppresses gluconeogenesis and enhances glucose uptake, thus does not cause hypoglycemia.

    Cornerstones of Diabetes Management

    • Consist of healthy eating, exercise, monitoring blood glucose, medication adherence, and patient education.

    Adrenocortical Hormones

    • Control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water/electrolytes.
    • Classified into glucocorticoids (e.g., hydrocortisone, aldosterone) and sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogen).

    Male Sex Hormones

    • Androgens: Primary one is testosterone, vital for spermatogenesis and libido.
    • Anabolic Steroids: Synthetic and may lead to abuse, increased aggression, and adverse masculinizing effects in women.

    Female Sex Hormones

    • Estrogens: Used in various forms, including IUDs that prevent ovulation and pregnancy.
    • Emergency contraceptive pills can prevent ovulation and fertilization within 72 hours after intercourse.
    • Side effects include thromboembolic complications, weight gain, menstrual disorders, and mood changes.

    Oxytocin

    • Stimulates uterine contractions, facilitates milk ejection, and is used for labor induction and managing postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Side effects may include uterine rupture risk and water retention effects, leading to water intoxication when given IV.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various drugs used to treat heart failure, focusing on those with and without positive inotropic effects. This quiz covers cardiac glycosides, sympathomimetics, and methylxanthines among other treatments. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or nursing.

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