Heart Failure Pathophysiology Chapter 11

<p>Cardiomyocyte apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced substrate utilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance positive inotropic actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractility decreases with increased sarcomere length beyond a certain point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It effectively increases contractility within a certain range. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of baroreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine levels elevate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances heart rate beyond normal levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatine phosphate (CP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impedes myocardial contraction energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It significantly decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased potassium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competes with Ca2+ for binding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased intracellular Ca2+ reserves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to inadequate pyruvic acid metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid onset and sharp decrease of cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B1 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ejection fraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-output heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic circulatory congestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial metabolism disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic insufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decompensated heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentric hypertrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced blood flow to vital organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In series (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved cardiac efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurohumoral mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inability of the heart to pump blood adequately to meet the body's metabolic needs.

The impaired ability of the heart to fill with blood during diastole and/or pump blood effectively during systole.

Primary dysfunction of the heart muscle itself, leading to reduced contractility or relaxation.

Conditions like myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and myocardial necrosis, leading to heart failure.

Excessive workload on the heart due to increased volume or pressure.

Conditions like mitral or aortic insufficiency, anemia, and hyperthyroidism.

Conditions like systemic or pulmonary hypertension, increasing the pressure the heart has to overcome.

Factors that trigger or worsen heart failure, such as infection, arrhythmias, and pregnancy.

Characterized by the rapid onset and significant decrease in cardiac output within a short period.

Characterized by a gradual onset and often accompanied by compensatory mechanisms that involve increased blood volume and changes in the heart muscle structure.

Occurs when the left side of the heart fails to pump effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the pulmonary circulation.

Occurs when the right side of the heart fails to pump effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the systemic circulation.

Occurs when both the left and right sides of the heart fail to pump effectively.

Occurs when the heart's ability to pump blood decreases significantly, leading to a lower than normal cardiac output. Common causes include conditions like coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, valvular disease, and cardiomyopathy.

Occurs when the body demands more blood flow than the heart can provide, even though cardiac output is normal or even increased.

Occurs when the heart's ability to contract (systole) is weakened, leading to reduced blood flow.

The heart muscle's ability to contract is reduced, resulting in decreased blood pumping efficiency. This can be caused by damage, impaired energy production, or issues with the process of muscle contraction.

Damage to the heart muscle (myocardium) caused by conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction), infections, or toxins.

The heart muscle's ability to efficiently use energy decreases, leading to reduced contractility. This can be due to problems with mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells.

Disruption in the process by which electrical signals trigger muscle contraction, leading to weakened contractions. This involves problems with calcium signaling within the heart cells.

A significant portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a heart attack.

The body's mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow to tissues and organs when the heart is weakened.

Increased heart rate is a primary response to cardiac insufficiency, aiming to maintain cardiac output despite reduced stroke volume.

Catecholamines (like adrenaline) strengthen heart contractions, improving cardiac output in cardiac insufficiency.

The heart's chambers enlarge to accommodate more blood, improving stroke volume and cardiac output.

The heart muscle thickens to improve its pumping force, enhancing cardiac output.

The Frank-Starling law describes the relationship between myocardial initial length and contraction force, where increased initial length within a certain range leads to stronger contractions.

The optimal overlap of the thin and thick filaments in the heart muscle allows for the most efficient contraction.

The process by which the heart muscle produces, stores, and uses energy, primarily in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

A type of myocardial hypertrophy where the heart muscle thickens due to an increased workload from pressure overload. This leads to smaller internal chambers, stronger contractions, and thicker myocardial fibers.

A condition where the heart muscle is unable to produce enough energy to function properly. This can lead to weakness, fatigue, and eventually heart failure.

A type of myocardial hypertrophy where the heart muscle expands due to an increased workload from volume overload. This leads to larger internal chambers, weaker contractions, and longer myocardial fibers.

The primary energy storage unit of the heart muscle. It acts like a battery, providing quick bursts of energy for contraction.

The heart muscle's ability to contract with force diminishes, leading to reduced blood flow. This can be caused by conditions like coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction.

When the heart muscle is overworked, it can lead to an increase in the enzyme Creatine Kinase (CK), which is involved in CP production. This can lead to a decrease in CP stores, impairing energy storage.

An adaptive response to heart failure where the body tries to increase blood volume to compensate for poor blood flow. This involves increased water and sodium retention by the kidneys.

The body redistributes blood flow prioritizing vital organs like the brain and heart, while reducing flow to peripheral organs like the skin and muscles.

The process by which the heart muscle uses energy to contract and pump blood.

An increase in red blood cell production by the bone marrow stimulated by erythropoietin. This is a compensatory response to low oxygen levels resulting from poor cardiac output.

A condition where the heart muscle struggles to use energy effectively, leading to reduced contractility and decreased pumping efficiency.

The intricate system of cellular communication and processes that enable the heart muscle to contract in response to electrical signals.

Cells adapt to low oxygen levels by altering their metabolic structure and function to utilize oxygen more efficiently.

A complex network of hormonal and nervous system responses that help manage heart failure. These mechanisms involve the release of hormones like adrenaline and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.