Heart Dysfunction Overview
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Questions and Answers

What happens to ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV) as left ventricular (LV) dysfunction progresses?

  • EF decreases while SV remains constant
  • EF remains constant while SV increases
  • EF increases while SV decreases
  • Both EF and SV decrease (correct)

    • What is the primary goal for blood pressure management in most patients with hypertension?

  • Below 160/100 mm Hg
  • Below 150/95 mm Hg
  • Below 130/80 mm Hg
  • Below 140/90 mm Hg (correct)

    • Which medication class is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Diuretics
  • Antibiotics (correct)
  • Vasopeptidase inhibitors

    • As end-diastolic volume (EDV) increases, what is the expected effect on filling pressures?

    <p>Filling pressures increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is included in pharmacologic therapy for heart failure related symptoms?

    <p>Diuretics and ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is described as persons not participating in a regular exercise program or not accumulating 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cardiovascular disease risk factor that includes a history of angina or myocardial infarction?

    <p>CV disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a concerning triglyceride level that indicates a potential health risk?

    <p>150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is identified to have a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity based on ethnicity?

    <p>African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychosocial factor is associated with higher cardiovascular risks?

    <p>Chronic hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended alcohol consumption limit for women to avoid health risks?

    <p>No consumption or &gt;1 drink per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical condition is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular issues?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do exogenous estrogens play related to cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Increase risk if started &gt;10 years after menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily leads to myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can contribute to reduced blood supply in myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Atherosclerotic stenoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when myocardial oxygen supply and demand are restored?

    <p>Myocardial function usually returns to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of higher left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LV EDP)?

    <p>Reduced coronary driving pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic process does the myocardium primarily rely on?

    <p>Aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to myocardial ischemia if blood flow is compromised?

    <p>Myocardial stunning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypokinesis in the context of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Reduced motion of a myocardial wall segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can provoke myocardial ischemia during physical activity?

    <p>Coronary vasospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do symptoms of myocardial ischemia typically indicate?

    <p>Imbalance in oxygen supply and demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Fever and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term dyskinesis refer to in a myocardial context?

    <p>Paradoxical motion of a myocardial segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is commonly elevated following a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of myocardial infarctions may occur without any symptoms?

    <p>20% to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, what characterizes the condition?

    <p>Diffuse myocardial dilation with reduced contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of akinesis in myocardial function?

    <p>Partial or complete loss of myocardial motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor intensifies the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in women?

    <p>Clustering of novel risk factors like inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the outcomes of women undergoing coronary angiography with no significant obstructive coronary disease?

    <p>They experience more adverse cardiovascular events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research found regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and cardiovascular benefits in women?

    <p>HRT has been found to reduce all-cause mortality when started early.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional response do women often exhibit after a cardiac event?

    <p>Greater psychosocial distress and avoidance of social burden.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor is linked to the increased likelihood of cardiovascular disease in women taking HRT?

    <p>Risk of cardiovascular events primarily in the first year of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are women typically classified in terms of risk for cardiovascular disease despite their profiles?

    <p>As lower risk and less likely to receive proper care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with women who present persistent chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms?

    <p>Higher levels of endothelial dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, what is a significant outcome for women beginning hormone replacement therapy during menopause?

    <p>Possibility of reduced cardiovascular mortality when started early</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ischemia on myocardial function?

    <p>Depressed contractile function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is correlated with myocardial oxygen demand?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes angina pectoris?

    <p>Pressure or heaviness in the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger angina pectoris?

    <p>Exertion and emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does myocardial hibernation typically occur?

    <p>With repeated episodes of ischemia-reperfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicator of impaired diastolic function?

    <p>Increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition arises from an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand?

    <p>Myocardial ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of myocardial oxygen supply?

    <p>Oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Improved blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is luminal narrowing of more than 65% to 70% in an epicardial coronary artery?

    <p>Impaired oxygen delivery to the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction

    • Impaired relaxation of the left ventricle
    • Leads to a less compliant (stiffer) ventricle
    • Prolonged relaxation time
    • Reduced LV filling rate
    • Decreased end-diastolic volume (EDV)
    • Increased dependence on atrial contraction
    • Clinical manifestations include dyspnea on exertion, cough, and exercise intolerance.
    • Other symptoms: pulmonary edema, JVD, peripheral edema, weight gain.

    Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

    • Impaired pumping function of the left ventricle
    • Reduced ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV)
    • Increased end-systolic volume (ESV)
    • Increased end-diastolic volume and pressure
    • Reduced CO (Cardiac Output)
    • Systemic venous pressure increases
    • Clinical manifestations include dyspnea and fatigue.
    • Symptoms worsen with exercise
    • Pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, and weight gain are possible.

    Hypertensive Heart Disease

    • Chronic condition
    • Early development of diastolic dysfunction
    • Myocardial ischemia develops
    • Pathophysiological effects on lungs and right ventricle
    • Clinical manifestations associated with the various events.
    • Hypertension related to CVD risk.
    • Clinical manifestations are noted, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue.

    Clinical Implications for Physical Therapy

    • Resting BP values should be obtained greater than age 35 and obese patients.
    • Clinical monitoring is indicated during activity.
    • Normal or abnormal BP response to activity can occur
    • Exercise tolerance can be impaired.
    • HTN patients should be questioned regarding prior knowledge, prescribed medications, and current medication adherence.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunctions, along with hypertensive heart disease. Participants will learn about clinical manifestations, symptoms, and the physiological implications of these conditions. Test your knowledge on heart diseases and their effects on overall health.

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