Podcast
Questions and Answers
Name the fluid that fills the space between the heart and the pericardium.
Name the fluid that fills the space between the heart and the pericardium.
Pericardial fluid
Name the layers of the body wall of the heart.
Name the layers of the body wall of the heart.
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
What is the fossa ovalis?
What is the fossa ovalis?
A depression between the right and left atria that forms during fetal life called foramen ovale.
What type of muscle tissue does the myocardium consist of?
What type of muscle tissue does the myocardium consist of?
Where does the blood return to the heart by the pulmonary veins?
Where does the blood return to the heart by the pulmonary veins?
Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves located?
Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves located?
Name the first two blood vessels that branch from the aorta.
Name the first two blood vessels that branch from the aorta.
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
Where are the atrioventricular valves located, and in which direction does the blood flow through them?
Where are the atrioventricular valves located, and in which direction does the blood flow through them?
When do atrioventricular valves open?
When do atrioventricular valves open?
What is the function of the papillary muscle?
What is the function of the papillary muscle?
Where does all de-oxygenated blood return after it has circulated through the body?
Where does all de-oxygenated blood return after it has circulated through the body?
What connects the chordae tendineae on both sides?
What connects the chordae tendineae on both sides?
If the marginal artery is blocked, which ventricle blood flow would be compromised?
If the marginal artery is blocked, which ventricle blood flow would be compromised?
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
On an EKG, what does the P-deflection represent?
On an EKG, what does the P-deflection represent?
Which node functions as a pacemaker for the heart?
Which node functions as a pacemaker for the heart?
What does the QRS-deflection represent?
What does the QRS-deflection represent?
Where is the SA node located?
Where is the SA node located?
Why do cardiac muscle fibers depolarize longer than skeletal muscle fibers?
Why do cardiac muscle fibers depolarize longer than skeletal muscle fibers?
On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricle is represented by which deflection?
On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricle is represented by which deflection?
An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates damage to which part of the heart?
An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates damage to which part of the heart?
What part of the EKG represents ventricular contraction or depolarized state of the muscle fibers?
What part of the EKG represents ventricular contraction or depolarized state of the muscle fibers?
What happens when the ventricles go into systole?
What happens when the ventricles go into systole?
What is meant by 'lubb' and 'dupp' sounds in relation to the valves of the heart?
What is meant by 'lubb' and 'dupp' sounds in relation to the valves of the heart?
Know the different heart sounds: S1 (first heart sound) closure of AV valves; beginning of ventricular systole; loudest and longest ''; S2 (second heart sound) closure of semilunar valves; beginning of ventricular diastole; sharp and shortest sound ''.
Know the different heart sounds: S1 (first heart sound) closure of AV valves; beginning of ventricular systole; loudest and longest ''; S2 (second heart sound) closure of semilunar valves; beginning of ventricular diastole; sharp and shortest sound ''.
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Pericardial fluid is a thin film of serous fluid found between the heart and the pericardium.
- The heart wall consists of three layers: Epicardium (outer), Myocardium (middle), and Endocardium (inner).
Fetal Circulation
- Fossa ovalis is a depression between the right and left atria, formed from the foramen ovale during fetal life.
Blood Circulation
- Blood returns to the heart via pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
- De-oxygenated blood is directed back to the right atrium after circulating through the body.
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) are located between atria and ventricles, controlling blood flow from atria to ventricles.
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle, while the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- Chordae tendineae prevent valve cusps from averting into the atrium.
- Papillary muscles anchor chordae tendineae and regulate valve opening and closing through contraction and relaxation.
Cardiac Muscle and EKG
- Myocardium consists of cardiac muscle tissue, which allows for the heart's pumping action.
- Intercalated discs facilitate action potential transmission between cardiac muscle cells.
- The SA node, located in the right atrium, functions as the heart's pacemaker.
EKG Waves and Heart Sounds
- P-deflection on an EKG represents atrial depolarization.
- QRS complex indicates rapid ventricular depolarization, while QRS wave signifies ventricular contraction.
- An extended P-Q interval typically suggests atrial damage.
- Heart sounds include S1 (closure of AV valves at the start of systole) and S2 (closure of semilunar valves at the beginning of diastole).
Blood Vessel Connections
- Brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries are the first two vessels branching from the aorta.
Cardiac Conditions
- Stenosis refers to valves that do not open properly, leading to abnormal heart sounds known as murmurs, characterized by turbulent blood flow.
- Compromised blood flow to the right ventricle can occur if the marginal artery is blocked.
Muscle Fiber Characteristics
- Cardiac muscle fibers depolarize longer than skeletal muscle fibers due to delayed calcium ion entry after sodium ions.
Ventricular Activity
- When ventricles enter systole, they contract, facilitating blood ejection.
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