Heart Anatomy and Blood Circulation Quiz

Comprised of four chambers:
- Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
- Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
- Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
Valves: Prevent backflow of blood.
- Tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle)
- Pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery)
- Mitral (between left atrium and ventricle)
- Aortic (between left ventricle and aorta)
Septum: Divides right and left sides of the heart.

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries).
Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins).
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels that facilitate exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via superior/inferior vena cava.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.
Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
Blood flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Transportation: Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Regulation: Maintains pH, temperature, and electrolyte balance.
Protection: Fights infection and aids in healing through platelets and white blood cells.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Increased pressure in the arteries.
Atherosclerosis: Build-up of plaque in arteries, leading to narrowed vessels.
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to the brain.
Congestive Heart Failure: Heart's inability to pump effectively.

Process by which oxygen and nutrients diffuse from capillaries into tissues.
Carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from tissues into capillaries for removal.
Driven by concentration gradients.

Mammals:
- Closed circulatory system with four-chambered hearts.
- Double circulation (systemic and pulmonary).
Other Animals:
- Fish: Single circulatory system; two-chambered heart.
- Amphibians: Three-chambered heart with both pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- Invertebrates: Varies widely; many have open systems.

Blood (hemolymph) flows freely in body cavities.
Lower pressure and slower transport.
Common in invertebrates; gases and nutrients exchange occurs directly with tissues.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries).
Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins).
Capillaries facilitate exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior/inferior vena cava.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through pulmonary arteries.
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
Blood flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Mammals: Closed circulatory system with four-chambered hearts and double circulation (systemic and pulmonary).
Fish: Single circulatory system with a two-chambered heart.
Amphibians: Three-chambered heart with both pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Invertebrates: Varying circulatory systems, many have open systems.

Blood flows through a closed system, moving from the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart, and finally to the rest of the body.
The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the head and forelimbs back to the heart, specifically the right atrium.
The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
Blood then passes through the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary artery, carrying it to the capillaries of the right lung for oxygenation.
Once oxygenated, blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium.
From the left atrium, blood travels into the left ventricle, where it is then pumped into the aorta.
The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, including the capillaries of the head and forelimbs.
After delivering oxygen to cells and picking up carbon dioxide, blood returns to the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava to begin the cycle again.