Healthcare: Terms, Definitions and Systems

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Questions and Answers

Match the health policies with their focus areas:

National Health Policy 1988 = Based on the Alma-Ata declaration, promoting health for all by 2000. Revised National Health Policy 2004 = Aligned with the health sector reform agenda. National Health Act 2014 = Provides a legal framework for health services. National Health Policy 2016 = Focuses on achieving universal health coverage.

Match the components of the health system with their primary objective:

Health Financing = Sustainable funding and financial risk protection. Health Infrastructure = Adequate and well-distributed facilities. Health Information System = Integrated system for decision making. Human Resources for Health = Adequate health workforce at all levels.

Match the levels of the Nigerian health system with their responsibilities:

Primary Level = Providing preventive care at the local community. Secondary Level = Providing services for serious cases referred from primary care. Tertiary Level = Formulating national health policies and providing specialized care. All Levels = Integrating inter-sectoral collaboration for health delivery.

Match the cultural elements with their descriptions:

Tradition = Customary way cultural activities are conducted. Customs = Norms of society and ways regarded as ideal. Beliefs = Opinions or feelings about events and activities. Taboos = Forbidden practices or activities. Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of the cultural process with thier characteristics:

Cultural Understanding = Requires comprehending multiple cultural dimensions to promote inclusivity. Cultural Integration = Incorporates diverse viewpoints into strategic planning. Cultural Implementation = Ensures equitable outcomes across cultural spectrums. Cultural Evaluation = Assesses the effectiveness of interventions in diverse populations. Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements of culture in the Nigerian context with examples of their impact on health

Harmful Customs = Includes practices such as female genital mutilation and drinking blue to prevent pregnancy. Helpful Customs = Includes prolong breastfeeding and avoiding hard work for pregnant women. Food Taboos = Denying children protein such as eggs, meat, or fish. Health Beliefs = The conviction of causation or prevention of ill-health. Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of Task Shifting Policy (TSP) with the appropriate description:

Task Shifting Policy = Redistributes tasks among health workforce teams to improve resource utilization. Goal of TSP = To get the right workers with the right skills in the right places doing the right things. Priority Area 1 = Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child health (RMNCH). Priority Area 2 = Tuberculosis, Malaria, and HIV Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (EmONC) with their healthcare services:

Basic EmONC = Provided at primary care facilities with seven essential medical interventions. Comprehensive EmONC = Provided at hospitals, covering the BEmONC signal functions plus two more. BEmOC for Mothers = Involves parental administration of MgSO4 for severe pre eclampsia and eclampsia. CEMOC for Mothers = Involves Cesarean Section and Laparotomy for ectopic pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the AnteNatal Care (ANC) tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Providing couples counseling and HIV testing. HCW Task 2 = Sending and receiving CD4 lab tests. HCW Task 3 = Maintaining antiretroviral therapy for HIV positive pregnant women without complications. HCW Task 4 = Educating families regarding self-care during pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Labour and Delivery Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Use partograph to monitor labor progress, maternal and fetal well-being. HCW Task 2 = Screen women for STIs/HIV, take first-line measures and ensure effective referral. HCW Task 3 = Support women living with HIV/AIDS, including through antiretroviral therapy. HCW Task 4 = Manage normal vaginal delivery. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Immediate Post Natal Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Administer uterotonic (oxytocin or misoprostol). HCW Task 2 = Perform manual removal of placenta with active bleeding. HCW Task 3 = Start and maintains administration of IV fluids. HCW Task 4 = Educate women on exclusive breast feeding. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Immediate Newborn Care Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Helps the baby breath in the first one minute from birth (using Ambu bag with cup, penguin bulbs syringes and mask). HCW Task 2 = Initiate ARV prophylaxis in HIV-exposed newborn. HCW Task 3 = Promote initiation of breastfeeding and educate mother positioning and attachment for breastfeeding. HCW Task 4 = Helps perform Vitamin K injections routinely. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Postnatal Care Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Support women living with HIV/AIDS including antiretroviral therapy. HCW Task 2 = Screens women and families for signs of domestic and sexual violence. HCW Task 3 = Takes preventive measures against malaria. HCW Task 4 = Identify postnatal complications. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Post Abortion Care Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Screens women and families for signs of domestic and sexual violence. HCW Task 2 = Provides contraceptive method or refers as necessary. HCW Task 3 = Identify complications of miscarriage perform first management. HCW Task 4 = Screen women for STIs/HIV, take first line measures and ensure effective referral. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Family Planning Tasks with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Provide FP education/counseling and help women choose preferred method of contraception. HCW Task 2 = Promote dual protection for HIV positive. HCW Task 3 = Provide contraceptive method or refer as appropriate. HCW Task 4 = Inserts and remove contraceptive implants Signup and view all the answers

Match the IMCI Tasks for Under-5 children with the associated frontline Health Care Workers (HCWs):

HCW Task 1 = Identify, classify and treat for difficult breathing as severe and pneumonia or very severe disease. HCW Task 2 = Identify, classify and treat dehydration as severe; some or no dehydration. HCW Task 3 = Identify, classify and treat diarrhoea as severe persistent diarrhea or persistent diarrhea. HCW Task 4 = Identify, classify and treat fever as very severe febrile disease, malaria or fever; no Malaria Signup and view all the answers

Match this policy plan with the following description: Designed to improve the numerical strength of the existing health facilities rather evolving a clear health care policy, federal government with the assistance of the World Health Organization introduced the Basic Health Service Scheme as part of efforts to achieve the then WHO standard of 1 doctor to 10,000 populations.

The Second National Development Plan 1970-1974 = Priorities were focused on correcting the deficiencies and provision for the immediate restoration of health facilities destroyed during the civil war. The Third National Development Plan 1975-1980 = The emphasis was to improve the numerical strength of the existing health facilities rather than evolving a clear health care policy. The Fourth National Development Plan 1981 -1985 = Participation of all levels of governments through self-reliance and community participation that led to focus on full implementation of the Basic Health Service Scheme. The Walkers-Harkens Plan (1946-1956) = The first attempt to officially plan for development of health services in the country. Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions to the correct Tier in the Nigerian Healthcare System

Primary Tier = Emphasizes on preventative care and mobilization of community members. Secondary Tier = This level provides services for more serious cases referred from the primary health centers. Tertiary Tier = Apex of healthcare delivery in Nigeria that formulates national health policies. All Tears = Work together to holistically achieve a nationwide and strategic public health policy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions to the correct disease or condition:

Kunin-Kanwa = Potassium pap. Wankan-Jego = Very hot bath following child birth. Yankan Gishiri = Deep perenial cut. Post Puerperal Diet = Foods consumed exclusively during or following pregnancies. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples of public communication campaigns to the best description:

Harm Reduction Campaign = Disseminating information about safe injection practices. Anti-Smoking Campaign = Advertising the dangers of lung cancer and other ailments related to smoking. Vaccine Education Campaign = Providing statistics that compare illness between vaxxed and unvaxxed populations. Mental Health Campaign = Describing the importance of mindfulness and gratitude for a happy life. Signup and view all the answers

Match the factors for a developed country with the correct disease profile:

Health problems are mainly non-communicable = High level of education, exposure, education, information and communication. High level of employment = Government and economy and stable. Medical services are readily available = Mortality or morbidity rate is low. Health problems are mainly non-communicable diseases and accidents = They take actions based on Scientific Theories and Practices. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps to the best description:

First Step = To establish the need to shift tasks, identify which tasks require more resources and could be performed by less specialized workers. Second Step = Task redistribution in the current staff structure to optimize capacity. Third Step = To invest in training. Fourth Step = To invest in more workers to the task pool. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions to the best example of bias:

Selection Bias = Surveying only people in one certain location or group when trying to poll the whole population. Confirmation Bias = Relying on research and statistical evidence that supports a personal belief. Observer Bias = When researchers are aware of the hypothesis and unconsciously influence participants. Funding Bias = When the funder is in charge of writing research. Signup and view all the answers

Match the best term to the following description: 'When individuals in studies give answers to what makes them look good, instead of the truth'

Social desirability bias = To provide opinions or examples that reflect positively, and hides real feelings. Volunteer bias = When a volunteer in a study may be more in line than a random participant. Recall bias = When participants are asked to recall something from their past. Sampling bias = Non accurate or non representative selection from selection process. Signup and view all the answers

Match the study design to the description:

Cross sectional = Observing a population during a single point in time. Longitudinal = Observing and measuring a population over a longer period of time. Experimental = Random assignment to study participant for certain groups for causation. Cohort = Following a group of people who share a common characteristic. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following to the best description: How one treats a condition or an illness.

Clinical guidelines = A protocol for managing a certain scenario. Treatment algorithm = Best method of handling a type of injury. Standard of care = Baseline expectations. Medical Negligence = Departing from established procedures and processes. Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions to the best public health initiative:

Water fluorination = Adding fluoride to the water supply for the purpose of decreasing tooth decay. Sanitation = Ensuring trash and other toxic materials are far from living spaces. Safe roadways = Implementing and enforcing safer roads for drivers and pedestrians. Clean air = Monitoring and policing of air pollution. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the BEST description of what it means:

Incidence = New cases during a period of time. Prevalence = Total disease in the population. Morbidity = Disease state. Mortality = Death state. Signup and view all the answers

Match the public health description to what it is testing and for

Sensitivity = The ability to see the condition present. Specificity = To rule OUT the condition when it is not present. Reliability = Consistent and repeated results. Validity = Correctly measure what it is intended to. Signup and view all the answers

Match the government organization to the specific responsibility:

World Health Organization = Provide coordination of health issues within the United Nations system. Centers for Disease Control = Protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. National Institutes of Health = Conducts and supports medical research. Department of Health and Human Services = To protect the health of all Americans and providing essential services. Signup and view all the answers

Match the best statement to this description: A method for quantifying the disease impact on a population that incorporates both the length of life lost as well as the level of the impairment during life into one composite metric.

YPLL = Years of Potential Life Lost. Measures health in terms of dying early. DALY = Disability-Adjusted Life Years. Accounts for years of life lost due to death and the years lived with any disability. HALE = Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy. Quantifies based on years spent with disability. Quality of Life = General health and happiness. Signup and view all the answers

Match the stage to the best description: An approach to address health issues that considers factors beyond medical treatments, involving social, economic and environmental factors to impact.

Socio Economic status health impact = Addressing economic standing, such as wealth or poverty that impact public health. Behavior = Individual habits and choices that affect health, such as smoking, diet and physical activity. Social Support Networks = Considering how one's friends, neighbors, peers affect someone's health. Access to healthcare = Focusing on improving transportation and awareness for general wellness. Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions to the best word used in public health:

Equity = Everyone has fair and equal opportunity to lead a healthy life. Equality = The state of being equal. Disparity = Differences in health outcomes and access. Determinant = Factors that affect health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Match the word with the description to assess public health:

Health Impact Assessment = Estimates potential effects of a proposed project or policy population health. Public Health Surveillance = Systematic ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. Needs Assessment = Assess public needs to ensure effective and resources. Cost-Benefit Analysis = Compared effectiveness or efficiency to provide insights. Signup and view all the answers

Match the public health intervention with the description for how to prevent a disease or death:

Primary prevention = Prevent the onset of disease, injury or exposure. Secondary prevention = Detect the disease at an early stage and prevent it from progressing. Tertiary prevention = Treatment and rehabilitation for those that are chronically sick. All prevention = All of the above are designed to stem disease and mortality. Signup and view all the answers

Match the theory to best behavior change application in public health for individual or community impact:

Health belief model = To address individual perceptions and motivation influence healthy behavior. Stages of Change Model = To give interventions based individual readiness or to adopt health behavior. Social Cognitive Theory = To understand influence and interactions between personal factors. Diffusion of Innovations = To spread information through society promote and encourage adaption. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to describe health systems with their definition:

Universal Healthcare = All citizens have access to healthcare services. Single-payer system = Healthcare is financed by single government entity. Market-based system = Healthcare driven by competition and consumer choice. Socialized medicine = State owns and operates most healthcare facilities. Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct description to the following common term: Policies that protect individuals health in workplace.

OSHA = Ensure safe and healthful working conditions. Ergonomics = Design environment fit individual physical needs. PPE = Protective clothing, gloves mask minimize risk of exposures. Hazard Communication Standard = To give information workplace hazards minimize risks. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

Policy

Statements and decisions defining priorities and main directions for attaining a goal.

Health Policy

A set of clear statements and decisions defining priorities and main directions for improving health and health care in a country.