Healthcare-associated Infections Overview
40 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a disease transmitted through equipment/fomites?

  • Hepatitis B
  • Brucellosis
  • Tetanus (correct)
  • Rabies

    • A person who harbours an infectious agent but does not show signs of infection is best described as:

  • A carrier
  • An ill person
  • An infected person
  • A colonized person (correct)

    • Which of these is NOT a typical portal of exit for infectious agents?

  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Skeletal system (correct)
  • Skin/mucous membrane
  • Respiratory tract

    • What is a significant difference between colonization and infection?

    <p>Infection involves multiplying bacteria and an immune response, while colonization does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent direct contact transmission?

    <p>Hand hygiene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeframe for an infection to be considered a Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) after admission to a healthcare facility?

    <p>More than 48 hours after admission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)?

    <p>Reduced patient discharge time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is indirect contact transmission best described?

    <p>Spread through contaminated intermediate objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a 'carrier state'?

    <p>The presence of a microorganism in the body without symptoms, but able to transmit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of infectious agent?

    <p>Carbapenem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a major type of Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example given of how staff can transmit pathogens to patients?

    <p>Transmitting their own nasal staph to patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT categorized as a 'host factor' contributing to the development of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)?

    <p>Environmental contamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ESBLs contribute to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They produce enzymes that break down certain antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym 'HAI' stand for in the context of healthcare?

    <p>Healthcare-associated infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes MRSA?

    <p>It is a type of staph bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimation on how many patients are harmed while receiving healthcare in developed countries?

    <p>1 in 10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>It is difficult to treat when carbapenem resistant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered part of the 'inanimate environment' in the context of HAIs?

    <p>Medical instruments and equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides patients, who might be included in a HAI?

    <p>All healthcare staff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of HAIs, besides increased costs and bed blockages?

    <p>Subject to litigation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of gram-positive cocci, as it relates to HAIs?

    <p>They include Staphylococci and Streptococci. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes CRE?

    <p>It's a type of bacteria that produces enzymes causing resistance to carbapenems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental risk factors for HAIs include all EXCEPT which of these?

    <p>The age of the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical procedure is LEAST likely to increase the risk of acquiring a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

    <p>Administering a routine blood test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which invasive devices, such as intubation tubes and catheters, increase the risk of infection?

    <p>They bypass the patient's natural defense mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor related to the duration of device use increases the risk of infection?

    <p>The longer a device remains in place, the greater the risk of infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patient treatments is LEAST likely to increase the risk of infection?

    <p>Standard saline intravenous drip (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BEST approach to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) according to the text?

    <p>Breaking the chain of infection by interrupting transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of pathogens is identified as the MOST important cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an infection caused by microorganisms that are part of the patient's own body flora?

    <p>Endogenous infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a fomite in the context of infection transmission?

    <p>An inanimate object that carries infection passively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided definitions, what is a reservoir in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>A place where an infectious agent can survive but may or may not multiply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a method of transmission for sexually transmitted infections?

    <p>Contact with fomites such as clothing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a primary method of transmission for Gram-negative bacteria like Klebsiella and Acinetobacter?

    <p>Colonization on patient skin transmitted via staff hands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to blood, which bodily fluid is most directly linked to the transmission of endemic hepatitis B virus (HBV) from mother to child?

    <p>During delivery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections can be transmitted through both blood-to-blood contact and vertical transmission from mother to fetus?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is LEAST likely to cause blood-borne transmission?

    <p>Using clean surgical instruments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are infections typically spread through droplets as described?

    <p>Via large particles propelled from an infected person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of fecal-oral transmission of infection?

    <p>The spread of shigella through contaminated hands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs)

    • HAIs refer to infections acquired during healthcare delivery in any setting (hospitals, long-term care, community)
    • Approximately 8.9 million HAIs occur annually in European hospitals and long-term care facilities combined.
    • More than half of certain HAIs are preventable.
    • A localized or systemic infection originating from an adverse reaction to an infectious agent or toxin.
    • An infection is considered an HAI if it appears more than 48 hours after admission.

    Patient Safety - Facts

    • In developed countries, 1 in 10 patients experience harm during healthcare.
    • Harm can result from errors or adverse events.
    • High-risk industries (aviation, nuclear plants) have a higher rate of HAIs.
    • HAIs increase hospital costs due to delays in patient discharge, blocked beds, increased treatment costs, and potential litigation.

    Major Types of HAIs

    • Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
    • Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) / Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
    • Surgical site infection (SSI)
    • Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI)
    • Host factors (e.g., coma, HIV, malignancies, diabetes, malnutrition, circulatory impairment, advanced age)
    • Agent factors (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
    • Environmental factors (e.g., medical instruments, equipment, cleanliness, temperature, humidity, procedures)

    Infectious Agents

    • Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) capable of causing disease are infectious agents
    • Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococci, Streptococci) and Gram-negative bacilli (Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella) are frequent causes of HAIs.
    • Multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) such as ESBLs and CRE pose significant treatment challenges.

    Reservoirs

    • Reservoirs are places where infectious agents live, grow, and reproduce—including humans (e.g., chickenpox, hepatitis B), animals, and equipment.

    Transmission

    • Modes of transmission include contact (direct, indirect, droplet), airborne, vehicle (e.g., contaminated food or water), and vector-borne.
    • Direct contact involves physical touch, indirect contact involves contact with contaminated surfaces.
    • Droplet transmission involves large droplets expelled during coughing or sneezing
    • Airborne transmission includes small droplets that remain airborne for longer durations.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    NUR1128 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz delves into the crucial topic of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), their prevalence, and impact on patient safety. Explore major types of HAIs, statistics related to harmful experiences in healthcare, and the importance of prevention. Test your knowledge on how HAIs affect healthcare delivery.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser