Healthcare Accessibility and Government Roles

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Questions and Answers

Which type of care is included under insured services?

Nursing services (correct)

Private hospital rooms

Cosmetic surgery

Alternative therapies

What is one of the responsibilities of the government regarding healthcare delivery?

Provide financial support to provinces (correct)

Fund healthcare research only

Regulate personal health decisions

Charge residents for all services

Which of the following is NOT typically covered under standard public health insurance in Canada?

Diagnostic procedures

Cosmetic procedures (correct)

Walk-in clinics

Prescription medication

What is a key role of provincial governments in the healthcare system?

Plan and deliver health services in their jurisdiction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following services fall under supplemental health services?

Foot care services Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intent of primary prevention?

Reduce or eliminate causative risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary prevention?

Interventions after a disease has developed but before symptoms appear Signup and view all the answers

Which action area of the Ottawa Charter focuses specifically on creating environments that support health?

Create supportive environments Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of tertiary prevention?

Providing rehabilitation after a disease has occurred Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in determining overall health?

Societal norms Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of primary prevention?

Fluoride treatments to reduce cavities Signup and view all the answers

How does building healthy public policy contribute to health?

By making healthier choices the easier choices. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of prevention targets patients with established diseases?

Tertiary prevention Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors are defined as encouraging or inhibiting behavior change?

Predisposing Factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an enabling factor?

Mental capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of goals in health behavior change?

To provide clear direction for interventions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor?

Social pressure Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors involves support and encouragement from significant others?

Reinforcing Factors Signup and view all the answers

Which verb is commonly associated with goal statements in health behavior change?

Promote Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes enabling factors?

Access to healthcare facilities Signup and view all the answers

In health behavior change, objectives are focused on which aspect?

What will happen and when Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate BMI?

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m^2) Signup and view all the answers

Which BMI classification indicates the least risk of developing health problems?

Normal Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT considered appropriate for BMI calculation?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What is the waist circumference cutoff point for Caucasian men?

≥ 102 cm Signup and view all the answers

What does waist circumference primarily assess?

Risk associated with excess abdominal fat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the waist-to-hip ratio?

It is a predictive measure for older individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What health risk is associated with a larger waist circumference?

Increased risk of coronary heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about BMI limitations is true?

It is not suitable for muscular individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of wellness as described?

Balancing many dimensions of life Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of wellness is primarily concerned with building healthy communities and enhancing relationships?

Social Wellness Signup and view all the answers

What describes Occupational Wellness?

Valuing work consistency with personal beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is a key component of Physical Wellness?

Participating in regular physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is Emotional Wellness primarily about?

Awareness and acceptance of feelings Signup and view all the answers

Spiritual Wellness includes the pursuit of which of the following?

Identifying personal purpose Signup and view all the answers

What does Intellectual Wellness promote?

Openness to new ideas and creative challenges Signup and view all the answers

The Illness-Wellness Continuum encourages what kind of approach to health?

A shift to a wellness-centered approach Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Accessibility

All insured residents must have reasonable access to healthcare facilities and services without discrimination.

Government Responsibilities

Federal government:
- Setting and maintaining standards
- .
- Providing financial support to provinces.
Provincial/territorial governments:
- Planning and managing hospital, physician, and public health services.
- Managing finances, delivering, and administering some pharmaceutical care for health services.
- Negotiating fee schedules (payment) for providers.
- Regulating health professionals.

Insured Services

In- and out-patient care
Primary care services
Surgical and dental services
Prescription medication
Walk-in clinics
Nursing services
Equipment and supplies
Diagnostic procedures
Accommodation
Meals

Supplemental Health Services

Services not typically covered by standard public health insurance.
Often covered through private plans, employer benefits, or out-of-pocket.
Many services are essential for overall health and well-being.

Factors Determining Health

Biology
Lifestyle
Environment

Three Levels of Prevention in Healthcare

Primary: Implemented before evidence of disease or injury to reduce or eliminate causative risk factors.
- Examples: Immunizations (vaccinations), fluoride treatments.
Secondary: Implemented after disease onset but before symptoms to identify and treat early.
- Examples: Laboratory tests, mammograms.
Tertiary: Implemented after disease or injury is established to slow progression and minimize damage.
- Examples: Support groups, rehabilitation programs for stroke patients.

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)

Five action areas for health promotion:
- Build healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Reorient health services
- Develop personal skills

Wellness

Purposeful, enjoyable living characterized by personal responsibility and optimal enhancement of physical, mental, and spiritual health.
Focuses on balancing the many dimensions of a person's life through health-enhancing conditions and behaviors.

Dimensions of Wellness

Social Wellness: Contributing to society, valuing interdependence, building healthy relationships, and celebrating personal friendships.
- Refers to the ability to interact with others, adapt to social situations, and communicate appropriately.
Occupational Wellness: Occupation aligned with values, interests, and beliefs.
- Finding enrichment through work/vocation.
- Ensuring work is meaningful and rewarding.
- Achieving work-life balance.
Physical Wellness: Regular physical activity, healthy food choices, healthy body weight, sufficient sleep, avoiding harmful substances, and seeking medical attention when needed.
Emotional Wellness: Positive and enthusiastic outlook, awareness and acceptance of feelings, appropriate expression and management of feelings, and effective stress coping.
Spiritual Wellness: Identifying life's purpose, helping oneself and others achieve their potential, experiencing love, joy, peace, and fulfillment.
- May involve a connection to a formal religion or faith.
Intellectual Wellness: Ability to think and learn from life experience, question and evaluate information, pursue intellectual and creative challenges, and be open to new ideas.

Illness-Wellness Continuum

Encourages a shift from disease-centered to wellness-centered approach.
Promotes health prevention and management.

Factors Shaping Behavior

Predisposing factors: Encourage or inhibit behavior change (e.g., knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy).
Enabling factors: Make decisions more convenient or challenging (e.g., skills, resources, access, support or discouragement).
Reinforcing factors: Provide support or discouragement from people and situations (e.g., praise, rewards).

Goals and Objectives in Health Behaviour Change

Goals: Broad statements of long-range direction or intent, explaining the general purpose of a program.
- Typically use verbs like: improve, increase, promote, prevent, reduce.
Objectives: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) steps to achieve goals.
- Answer "Who will do What, When, and by How Much?".

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Measurement of body fat based on height and weight.
BMI = weight (kg) / height (m²)
Classifications:
- Underweight: <18.5
- Normal: 18.5-24.9
- Overweight: 25-29.9
- Obese: ≥ 30
- Class I: 30-34.9
- Class II: 35-39.9
- Class III: ≥ 40
Limitations: Overestimated in muscular individuals, not for growing children, pregnant or nursing women, elderly, and doesn't indicate % body fat.

Waist Circumference

Measure of abdominal fat, used to assess for "apple" or "pear" body shape.
Guidelines:
- Men:
  - Caucasian: ≥ 102 cm (40.2 inches)
  - Asian: ≥ 90 cm (35.4 inches)
- Women:
  - Caucasian: ≥ 88 cm (34.6 inches)
  - Asian: ≥ 80 cm (31.5 inches)
Larger waist circumference above thresholds indicates higher abdominal fat, increasing risk of high cholesterol, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.

Waist-to-Hip Ratio

Ratio between waist circumference and hip circumference.
Predicts health risks for older individuals.
Measured as smallest natural waist and widest part of buttocks or hips.
Limitations: Doesn't give an indication of % body fat.

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Description

This quiz explores the essential aspects of healthcare accessibility for insured residents and the responsibilities of both federal and provincial governments in the healthcare system. Understand the various services covered and the roles played in regulating and funding healthcare. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to ensure equitable healthcare access.